Chapter 3 Migration
Terms Migration a permanent move to a new location. Emigration movement from a location (Exit) Immigration movement to a location (In) Net Migration Total number of migrants. Immigration Emigration = Net Migration Mobility any movement from one place to another. Circulation predictable movement that occurs in a timely manner.
Key Issue #1 Why do People Migrate?
Why People Migrate Reasons for migrating Push & pull factors Economic Cultural Environmental Intervening obstacles Distance of migration Internal migration International migration Characteristics of migrants Gender Family status
Reasons for Migration Most people move for economic reasons Other factors include cultural and environmental factors. Two factors that are the main reasons for migration are Push Factors Pull Factors
Economic Push and Pull Factors Job opportunities Overall opportunities Market specific job opportunities International Migration Domestic Migration
Cultural Push and Pull Factors Historically two reason Slavery Political Instability (war) International Refugees
Refugees: Sources & Destinations Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.
Palestinian Refugees Cuban Refugees
Environmental Push and Pull Factors Physically Attractive places Dangerous Places Earthquakes Tornadoes Cold Weather Desert Flood Plain areas rivers are subject to flood.
Hurricane Katrina Migrants A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.
Scene from The Grapes of Wrath The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.
What stops people from migrating? Obstacles, Intervening Obstacles things that block movement. Can be environmental or cultural. Examples of Environmental Obstacles? Examples of Cultural Obstacles?
Distance of Migration Most Migrants relocate a short distance within the same country. Long Distance Migrants relocate to large cities that are centers of economic activity.
Internal Migration Movement within one country Interregional Migration movement from one region to another. Intraregional migration is movement within one region
International Migration Voluntary Migration Involuntary Migration/Forced Migration Migration Transition is mostly in countries in Stage 2 of population growth.
Characteristics of Migrants Gender of Migrants Family Status of Migrants
Gender of Migrants Traditionally male, young, looking for work. Did not travel with families to often. That is changing, women are now a larger part of the migrant force.
Family Status of Migrants Traditionally Single. More are now married with families May more are children, unaccompanied.
Key Issue #2 Where are the Migrants Distributed?
Migration Patterns Global migration patterns U.S. immigration patterns Colonial immigration 19th-century immigration Recent immigration Impact of immigration on the U.S. Legacy of European migration Undocumented immigration Destination of immigrants within the U.S.
Global Patterns Asia, Latin America and Africa have total out migration. Europe, North America and Australia have total in migration. This makes sense when we look at economic factors.
Global Migration Patterns Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.
Net Migration (per population) Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.
US Immigration Patterns Three major era of migration Colonial Settlement From 1850-1900 Building of Rail Roads and Western Expansion The third era began in 1970 and continues today.
Colonial Immigration From England and Africa English and European Immigrants were voluntary immigrants. African Immigrants were forced migrants. Importation of slaves made illegal after 1808, but they were still brought in.
Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.
European Immigration Three distinct peaks 1 st Peak 1840 1850 More immigrants than previous 250 years Mostly from Germany (political factors) and Ireland (famine and economic factors) 2 nd Peak 1880 s Mostly from Northern and Western Europe as the Industrial Revolution had increased population. 3 rd Peak 1890 s Mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.
New York Harbor and Ellis Island Ellis Island is connected to New Jersey by bridge. Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty are south of Ellis Island.
Ellis Island
Immigrants to the US
Immigration from Less Developed Countries Immigration grew and peaked again starting in the 1970 s. Two major areas where immigration is coming from. Asia Latin America
Migration from Asia to the U.S. Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
Immigration from Asia Originally from China and Japan through treaties. During the last 25 year over 7 million immigrants have come from Asia. Largest group until overtaken by Latin America.
Migration from Latin America to the U.S. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.
Immigrants from Latin America About 2 million people came from 1890 1960. About 11 million people since 1970. Mexico passed Germany as the country that has sent the most immigrants ever in the 1980 s.
Impact of Immigration to the United States Historically, Europe has sent the most number of immigrants worldwide as a result of the Industrial Revolution. European Culture has spread throughout the world. Over half of the world speaks an Indo-European language.
European Influence Worldwide Europe also has created tumultuous relaitons with indigenous people. Plantations and encomiendas have left a sour taste for European explorers and settlers throughout Latin America, Africa and Asia.
Undocumented Immigrants in the US Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.
Undocumented Immigrants People who enter the country without proper governmnet paperwork. About half of the documented immigrants enter the country legally, but overstay their permits. The other half enter the country illegally through holes in border protection. Immigration Reform Act of 1986 allowed people to receive permanent legal status if they applied and had been in the country previously.
U.S. - Mexico Border at Tijuana The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence
Destination of Immigrants Within the US, immigrants have fairly predictable areas of migration. Chain Migration is the process by where immigrants tend to go to the same areas because of family members.
U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.
Key Issue #3 Why do Migrants face obstacles?
Obstacles to Migration Immigration policies of host countries U.S. quota laws Temporary migration for work Time-contract workers Economic migrants or refugees? Cultural problems living in other countries U.S. attitudes to immigrants Attitudes to guest workers
Immigration Policies of Hosts Countries US Quota Laws Quota Act of 1921 National Origins Act of 1924 Immigration Act of 1965 country to hemisphere quotas Brain Drain the loss of young and highly educated workers. Guest Workers workers from poorer countries who work in MDC in low skill level jobs.
Guest Workers in Europe Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.
Time Contracted Workers Workers from other countries that would go to work. Many permanently settled in their new countries when their contract expired. China has had the largest number of emigrants with more than 29 million. Taiwan has a large number of immigrants who work for less than half of what a Taiwanese would make.
Emigration from China Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.
Distinguishing from refugees and economic migrants It can be difficult to see the difference. Knowing the differe4nce because many Western countries treat the two differently.
Emigrants from Cuba (125 miles) Most emigrants from Cuba are political refugees since the communist takeover in 1959. More than 600,000 Cubans came to the Us immediatley after the revolution. In 1980, Castro decided to let political prisoners, criminals and mental patients to leave. More than 125,000 left. Created a panic in South FL. Refugee camps were formed. In 1987, new laws allows 20,000 refugees from Cuba legally.
Emigrants from Haiti The US did not allow the Haitian refugees the same opportunity as the Cuban refugees because their dictator was not an ally of the Soviet Union. Haitians sued for equal treatment as the Cubans. US reinstated Haitian President and now recognizes Haitians as refugees.
Emigrants from Vietnam Many pro US Vietnamese left after the Vietnam War ended. Many left on boats, but were handled by the US Navy. Many were eventually given asylum as refugees. Many more were deemed economic migrants and were put in camps and guarded by armed soldiers. The UN paid for the camps. In 1996, the camps were disbanded and the remaining people were sent back to Vietnam. Overall 800,000 people left Vietnam.
Migration of Vietnamese Boat People Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.
US Attitudes Toward Immigrants Americans have always regarded new comers with suspicion. There has always been opposition to immigration in the US. Opposition intensifies when immigrants come from other/new areas. Hate crimes are now classifying actions towards immigrants.
Attitudes towards Guest Workers Europe has similar reactions to the guest workers. Some European countries with their heightened sense of nationalism have been more violent towards the guest workers.
Anti- Immigration Protest in Spain Spanish youths attacked Moroccan immigrants in El Ejido, Spain after an alleged murder.
Key Issue #4 Why Do People Migrate Within a Country
Migration within a Country Migration between regions of a country Migration between regions within the U.S Migration between regions in other countries Migration within one region Rural-urban migration Urban-suburban migration Migration from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan regions
Migration between Regions This is known as interregional migration. Most Famous Example of the movement occurred as Americans settled the West, Manifest Destiny.
Changing Center of Population As more people moved west, the US center of population shifted. In continues to shift west and south slightly.
Center of Population in the U.S. Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.
Echo Canyon, northeastern Utah Echo Canyon was one of many obstacles to 19th century wagon trains heading west.
Interregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003
U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995
U.S. Interregional Migration, 2003
Brasilia, Brazil Brasilia was created as Brazil s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.
Intraregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.
Net Migration by County, 2000-04 Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains