The American Civil War

Northern Advantages Industry was ENTIRELY located up north Population favored the North tremendously (3:1 ratio) The North had most of the nation s railroads, the U.S. Navy, and was more economically stable

Southern Advantages The South ONLY had to defend their land Fighting to a draw meant a Southern victory Confederate President Jefferson Davis General Robert E. Lee General Thomas Stonewall Jackson The South s greatest advantage was in their leadership

Northern Issues President Lincoln s first executive order was to suspend habeas corpus within the Union A state legislator from Maryland (John Merryman) attempted to stop Union officials from moving from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. By not releasing Merryman, he would not be able to go to the Confederacy and assist with their war effort Lincoln was attempting to further stop the rebellion of the South

Northern Issues In addition, President Lincoln also took several steps that were against the Constitution **Increased the size of the army** **Monitored border state elections** **Declared martial law in Maryland**

The South lacked in population, cotton production was down, and they did not have a large standing army or form of transportation Southern Issues Unlike the North, the South lacked in various areas Foreign countries were not buying cotton due to the war

Southern Issues The South s primary problem was that it was a confederacy Was very LOOSELY Weak by design united Jefferson Davis could not exert major executive powers as a result At any moment, any state could breakaway from the whole and do its own thing

Attack on Fort Sumter The American Civil War began at Ft. Sumter, S.C. What other ethnic group decided to join the war? Why and on which side? Southerners opened fire on Ft. Sumter on April 12, 1861 The Confederate Capital then switched to Richmond, Virginia Lincoln responded by ordering a naval blockade of Southern ports to other nations **Border states, such as Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland decided to remain neutral** These actions prompted four more states to secede (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina

The War Begins The two sides were now chosen. The Union The Confederacy

War Struggles The first military draft was implemented in the North and South as a result of a lack of volunteer soldiers **Congress allowed the rich to buy an exemption for $300 in Northern cities*** 90% of the Union soldiers were volunteers The South had fewer volunteers and drafted earliest, except the rich (owned 20+ slaves)

The War Begins The Battle of Bull Run (AKA Battle of Manassas) was the first major battle of the American Civil War Neither side was properly prepared **Both sides had similar uniforms and battle tactics** **Showed each side the importance and necessity of pre-planning and preparation**

The War Rages On Robert Lee then struck back in the Seven Days Battles (Pushed Gen. George McClellan back) This was a MAJOR win for the Confederacy

The War Rages On President Lincoln turned to TOTAL War His plan was to: Continue the naval blockade March through GA & the Carolinas to crush the South Free the slaves Capture Richmond, VA Divide the South along the Mississippi

The War Rages On With victory looming, Lee made a critical mistake by invading Antietam **Lee attempted to gain foreign support for the South** **This CONVINCED Europe to STAY OUT of the war** The South lost the Battle of Antietam Creek (One of the largest battles of the war)

The War Rages On The Union victory at Antietam gave President Lincoln the perfect platform to announce the Emancipation Proclamation Gave the North a MORAL platform for the war **Now, the Union was trying to restore the nation AND end slavery**

The War Rages On However, the Proclamation also had it s own discrepancies **ONLY freed slaves in the seceded states, NOT the border states** **The Constitution supported slavery; a Proclamation couldn t make it legal** **The North couldn t free slaves in a foreign nation**

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**First attack was at Ft. Wagner in Massachusetts (Lost almost all of its members)** The War Rages On After the Emancipation Proclamation, African- Americans were allowed to serve in the army for the first time **Started by the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment (First black regiment to officially fight in war)**

Unofficially signaled the beginning of the end for the South Battle of Gettysburg General Lee again attempted to invade the North at the Battle of Gettysburg Lasted 3 days South won 1 st -2 nd day; North won 3 rd

Battle of Gettysburg That fall, Lincoln returned to Gettysburg to give the Gettysburg Address (One of most famous speeches in U.S. History) Gettysburg Address = Dramatic speech given to help unify the North and South into one nation

Tide Turns For the North Following Gettysburg, General Ulysses S. Grant won the Battle of Vicksburg and took Jackson, MS No one helps a loser Guaranteed a lack of foreign intervention for the South

Sherman Torches The South General William T. Sherman was put in charge of dividing the South **Pushed down from Chattanooga, TN and captured Atlanta, GA** **Declared TOTAL WAR; even civilian property was destroyed** **Spread out his men and BURNED everything from Atlanta to Savannah** Most known for leading his March To The Sea.

Election of 1864 Due to the many Union victories and tactics, President Lincoln was elected to a 2 nd term as President His 2 nd inaugural address spoke about the US beginning the process of forgiveness and coming back together as one nation

End of the War **Gen. Grant managed to outlast Gen. Lee through his meat-grinder tactics** **Sent men into battle even though they d be killed** The war was over. In April of 1865, General Lee finally surrendered to Gen. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia

The Aftermath of the War The Civil War was VERY costly for both sides **600,000 people were killed; many more were not found** **Cost a total of $15 billion dollars ($500 billion today)** **Slavery was nonexistent in the United States** **Placed U.S. on the world stage as a leader** However, there were some benefits

Reconstruction and its Effects

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The Ordeal of Reconstruction Following the war, many questions lingered How will the South be reunited with the North What about the freed blacks? Who will make these decisions?

President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 at Ford s Theatre in Washington D.C. The Ordeal of Reconstruction Unfortunately, the prominent leader who saw the Union to a victory and helped keep the U.S. together, would not..

The Ordeal of Reconstruction As Booth escaped, he shouted the phrase sic semper tyrannis (Thus be it ever to tyrants) Later died after being shot outside of a barn on the next morning

The Ordeal of Reconstruction President Lincoln was succeeded by his Vice President, Andrew Johnson **Only Southern Congressman to NOT join the South during secession** Most known for implementing and finishing Lincoln s 10 percent Plan

**Radical Republicans thought this approach was too soft** The Ordeal of Reconstruction 10 Percent Plan stated that a southern state would be re-admitted to the Union after 10% of voters took an oath of loyalty and respected emancipation Thought the South should SUFFER Radical Republicans countered with Wade-Davis Bill (Required that 50% of voters take oath of allegiance & safeguards to protect freedmen)

The Ordeal of Reconstruction Another result of the Union victory meant the ratification of the 13 th amendment Banned slavery and indentured servitude

The Ordeal of Reconstruction The Freedman s Bureau was established to remedy the plights of freed slaves Primarily taught slaves literacy (to read & write)

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The Ordeal of Reconstruction In response to the 13 th amendment and various laws protecting freedmen, southern state governments passed Black Codes Punishable with fines if ever broken (blacks were poor) Banned the basic rights of Blacks **Also, the South actually gained power in Congress due to the repeal of the 3/5 Compromise**

The Ordeal of Reconstruction As a result of the South s political moves, the North passed and ratified the 14 th Amendment in 1868 Gave civil rights and citizenship to freedmen However, it did not affect women and did not give Blacks the right to vote (Neither had power in South)

The Ordeal of Reconstruction The Reconstruction Act was passed in March, 1867 (Divided the South into 5 military districts) **Southern states must accept the 14 th amendment and guarantee black suffrage (voting)** As a result, the 15 th Amendment (black suffrage) was passed and ratified in 1870

To take control, upset white started the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), which used fear and physical force to intimidate enemies of the South The Ordeal of Reconstruction Various groups, other than Blacks, were now upsetting the South Scalawags = Southern whites that were sympathetic to the North Carpetbaggers = Northerners who came down South after the war

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The Ordeal of Reconstruction In addition, the South started giving literacy tests to keep Blacks from voting Anyone whose grandfather voted, could vote Illiterate whites were protected by understanding and grandfather clauses that allowed them to write

The Ordeal of Reconstruction Northern Radical Republicans also wanted to get back at President Johnson for his constant vetos **Plan worked & Johnson was up for impeachment after firing Edwin Stanton w/o the Senate s approval** Senate vote came up short by one vote; Johnson was not impeached Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which stated the President needed the Senate s approval to fire anyone appointed by the President

The Ordeal of Reconstruction In addition to putting the country back together, the US decided to purchase another territory Officially became a state on January 3, 1959 **Purchase often called Seward s Folly ** **Would later prove to be good when large deposits of gold and oil were found there** Bought the Alaskan territory for 7.2 million in 1867

Political Paralysis In the Gilded Age President Ulysses S. Grant was elected President in 1868 Used his war experience to win ( Wave the Bloody Shirt )

Political Paralysis In the Gilded Age Corruption became VERY common in the post-civil War years (Often called the Gilded Age) Jubilee Jim Fisk and Jay Gould attempted to corner the gold market with a scheme Mostly via railroads, tampering with stock prices, and corrupt judges

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Political Paralysis In the Gilded Age One of the worst schemes was the Credit Mobilier scandal Company responsible for constructing transcontinental railroad (Connected East & West) Sub-hired itself to get paid double Also gave stock to Congressmen to avoid getting caught Were eventually exposed and permanently labeled President Grant s as gullible and ignorant

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Political Paralysis In the Gilded Age Other notable events of corrupt politics during this time included: Whiskey Ring : Politicians stole whiskey tax money from the government; President Grant eventually helped his secretary escape from prosecution Secretary of War William Belknap was caught selling U.S. property to Native Americans for $24,000

Political Paralysis In the Gilded Age After President Grant s win over Horace Greeley in 1872, yet ANOTHER economic panic ensued (Panic of 1879 Caused by overspeculation (over spending) & tooeasy credit given by banks Especially hit the Freedman s Savings and Trust Co. hard (Blacks lost $7 million in savings) Led to passage of the Resumption Act (Lowered number of greenbacks {paper money} in circulation & paper money could now only be

Political Paralysis In the Gilded Age Rutherford B, Hayes was elected President due to the Compromise of 1877 Military occupation was removed from the South As a result, Reconstruction was over