The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism Chapter 12
The Road to War British impressment of American sailors + British arming of Native Americans leads the country into war War hawks in Congress pressured Madison to take action Madison believes that American should assert itself on the national stage Who do you think supported war with Britain? Who was against war with Britain?
On to Canada State of the American army on eve of war Canada, where British forces were weakest, became the focal point of the war Americans launch three pronged invasion of Canada Detroit Niagra Lake Champlain
Map 12.1: The Three U.S. Invasions of 1812 4
Result
On to Canada American forces beaten back shortly after crossing into Canada British score early victories Lands campaigns largely unsuccessful America looks to the for sea for some sort of success
By Sea American navy enjoys early success Why? Old Ironsides U.S.S. Constitution Oliver Hazard Perry Battle of the Thames (1813) American victory
From Offense to Defense Late 1814 America now defending home turf against British Napoleon in exile What does this mean for America? America repels British attack on NY British forced to retreat
Washington Burned!!!! August 1814 British force of 4,000 lands in the Chesapeake Bay area British advance on Washington; burn buildings, including Capitol and White House
Dolley Saves Washington (Not Literally)
America Under Attack While Washington burned, Americans held firm at Baltimore, MD Bombardment of Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key and The Star Spangled Banner
The Star Spangled Banner http://www.strimoo.com/video/167874 07/Worst-Star-Spangled-Banner-ever- Dailymotion.html
Andrew Jackson Takes the Stage Andrew Jackson and his ragtag army assigned to defend New Orleans January 1815 British launch frontal assault on entrenched American position British routed by American forces A.J. emerges as a national hero
The End of the War War had actually ENDED two weeks BEFORE THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS New sense of nationalism sweeps the country British naval blockade
The Treaty of Ghent Czar Alexander I as mediator 1814, Ghent Treaty negotiations begin Henry Clay and John Q. Adams represent America
The Treaty of Ghent British demands Portion of conquered Maine Control of the Great Lakes region Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes region Rejected by American delegation
Happy Holidays!!! Signed 24 December 1814 Draw Fighting stops, conquered territory restored What did America get out of the war?
Blue Light Federalists Federalist Grievances During the war, Federalists in New England illegally traded with the English Some New England Federalists talked of secession
Hartford Convention Late 1814 MA calls for a convention to be held in Hartford, CT Delegations from MA, CT, RI, NH, and VT meet to discuss their grievances Results: Demanded financial compensation for lost trade, amendment requiring 2/3 vote of Congress before embargo imposed or new states admitted
Hartford Convention Additional demands: Eliminate 3/5 Clause, limit presidents to a single term, prohibit election of two successive presidents from the same state (VIRGINIA!!!!) Envoys from MA deliver demands just after news about the victory at New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent Significance: Federalist Party never threatens to win presidency again
American Independence Pt. II Small war around 6,000 Americans killed or wounded America shows that it is unwilling to accept grievous wrongs Internationally, new found respect for American military Emergence of war heroes / future presidents: Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison
American Independence Pt. II Domestic manufacturing prospers as result of British blockade American focus shifts to domestic issues: The West and democracy
A Blessing in Disguise War of 1812 leads to heightened sense of nationalism in America Emergence of American literature / arts James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving
A Blessing in Disguise Bank of the United States given new life, voted through by Congress in 1806 Washington D.C. rebuilt Growth of army Navy provides beatdown to North African pirates!!!
Henry Clay proposes American System in 1824 Protecting Manufacturing After War of 1812 and embargo, British dumped goods (at low prices) on American markets, threatening American manufacturers Tariff of 1816 first protective tariff (20-25% tax on imports)
Henry American Clay s American System Strong banking system (abundant credit) Protective tariff Network of govt. funded roads and canals
Henry Clay s American System Public outcry for better public transportation Where in the constitution are internal improvements discussed? New Englanders resent federal funding of internal improvements. Why?
The Era of Good Feelings James Monroe elected to presidency in 1816 (another from VA!) Monroe s 1817 tour of the country Era of Good Feelings Not so fast Sectionalism (slavery, tariffs, etc.)
Growing Pains of the West Cheap land 9 states added in West(1791-1819), alternately free or slave states, European settlers came Pattern Why Expansion? Crushing of Indians 1811 Cumberland Road from MD to IL, 1 st steamboat also Improved trans. 1820 Land Act: land at cheap prices; cheap transportation, wanted cheap $
Slavery and the Sectional Balance Who will control the West? 1819 Tallmadge amendment: no more slaves imported in MO, emancipation of slave children hindered MO in becoming slave state, defeated later in the Senate Southerners view as threat to sectional balance The significance of Missouri: North becoming stronger, majority in House, but 11 South and 11 North in Senate
The Uneasy MO Compromise MO became slave state, but Maine (ME) became free state (12-12); BALANCE ACHIEVED No slaves north of 36 30 (S border of MO) Compromise lasted 34 yrs, Monroe elected again (almost unanimous) Preview of future problems
Map 12.4: The Missouri Compromise and Slavery, 1820-1821 32
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Bolstered the power of the federal govt. over the states Federalist legacy
Important Cases 1819 - McCulloch vs. MD: MD tried to tax Bank of US Marshall declares the Bank constitutional (Remember implied powers) Denied MD the right to tax the bank the power to tax involves the power to destroy loose construction Constitution must be adapted 1824 - Gibbons vs. Ogden: steamboat monopoly between NY and NJ, Supreme Ct asserted right to decide interstate commerce
Sharing Oregon Monroe s Sec of State: John Quincy Adams Treaty of 1818 w/ Britain Sharing Newfoundland fisheries w/ Canada, 49 th parallel border 10-year joint occupation of OR Country
Acquiring Florida Western FL taken during War of 1812, ratified by Congress S Am revolutions starting 1816 (Chile, Venezuela, Argentina), diverted Spanish attention
Acquiring Florida Gen. Andrew Jackson in 1818 defeated most of FL Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819: America got FL and no Spanish control of OR, gave up claims to TX
The Menace of Monarchy in America In Europe, monarchs crushed rebellions in Italy 1821 and Spain 1823, rumors of European powers banding together to restore Spanish throne in South America Russians took land from Alaska down to San Francisco Bay 1823, Britain minister George Canning wanted America to sign treaty w/ Britain renouncing any claim to Latin America and warn Europe to stay away from Latin America
Monroe and his Doctrine STAY AWAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1823 Monroe Doctrine: noncolonization and non-intervention a. Countries keep what they have, no more taking b. US would not intervene in any war
Monroe s Doctrine Appraised Little splash in European/Latin American plans; British navy stood in way Russo-American Treaty of 1824: Russian territory ended with Alaska Doctrine not law, twisted/added to by later presidents, not powerful
Map 12.7: The West and Northwest, 1819-1824 Was Palin right? 41