CHAPTER 3 POLICE ADMINISTRATION AND HOMELAND SECURITY

Chapter Overview CHAPTER 3 POLICE ADMINISTRATION AND HOMELAND SECURITY The September 11, 2001 attacks n the Wrld Trade Center in New Yrk City and the Pentagn in nrthern Virginia changed the American plitical landscape. Natinal security and the threat f terrrism have becme the mst prminent issues in American plitics and did nt subside as the preeminent issues until 2008 when the cuntry entered int a deep recessin. There have been multiple terrrist incidents and terrrist attacks n the United States since 9/11. Attempted terrrist incidents demnstrate that there have been cntinued attacks n America after 9/11 and that hmeland security is nw an extremely imprtant prgram fr law enfrcement at all levels. They als demnstrate that hmeland security will be a pririty fr many years in the future. The 9/11 attacks resulted in new thinking at all levels f gvernment. The public was tld they faced a shadw enemy within the United States. America was a target, and al Qaeda and ther terrrist grups certainly wuld attempt t perpetrate ther attacks n America. Our cuntry had t be prepared t cunter attacks n American sil, and preparatin needed t be made t adequately respnd t an attack if ne ccurred. This is the essence f hmeland security: preparatin fr an attack that culd cme at any time, affect any number f targets, and result in untld casualties and damage t peple and natinal infrastructure. Mrever, even thugh hmeland security is a federal pririty, any attack will affect a lcal cmmunity. The 9/11 attacks shw that lcal plice and emergency service persnnel must be prepared t respnd t an attack. Learning Objectives 1. Define terrrism and the types f terrrism that exist tday. 2. Examine the terrrist threats t the United States. 3. Knw the varius types f weapns f mass destructin. 4. Understand hw hmeland security is integrated int the plice rganizatin. 5. Apply the Natinal Respnse Framewrk t lcal law enfrcement. 6. Understand hw the Natinal Incident Management System perates during catastrphes. 44

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 45 Chapter Outline / Lecture Ntes I. Intrductin A. The September 11, 2001 attacks n the Wrld Trade Center in New Yrk City and the Pentagn in nrthern Virginia changed the American plitical landscape. B. Natinal security and the threat f terrrism have becme the mst prminent issues in American plitics and did nt subside as the preeminent issues until 2008 when the cuntry entered int a deep recessin. C. There have been multiple terrrist incidents and terrrist attacks n the United States since 9/11. 1. Attempted terrrist incidents demnstrate that there have been cntinued attacks n America after 9/11 and that hmeland security is nw an extremely imprtant prgram fr law enfrcement at all levels. 2. They als demnstrate that hmeland security will be a pririty fr many years in the future. D. The 9/11 attacks resulted in new thinking at all levels f gvernment. 1. The public was tld they faced a shadw enemy within the United States. America was a target, and al Qaeda and ther terrrist grups certainly wuld attempt t perpetrate ther attacks n America. 2. Our cuntry had t be prepared t cunter attacks n American sil and preparatin needed t be made t adequately respnd t an attack if ne ccurred. E. This is the essence f hmeland security: preparatin fr an attack that culd cme at any time, affect any number f targets, and result in untld casualties and damage t peple and natinal infrastructure. 1. Mrever, even thugh hmeland security is a federal pririty, any attack will affect a lcal cmmunity. The 9/11 attacks shw that lcal plice and emergency service persnnel must be prepared t respnd t an attack. II. What Is Hmeland Security? As defined by Office f Hmeland Security, hmeland security is a cncerted natinal effrt t prevent terrrist attacks within the United States, reduce

46 Instructr s Resurce Manual America s vulnerability t terrrism, and minimize the damage and recver frm attacks that d ccur. The Natinal Strategy cntains fur basic gals: prevent and disrupt terrrist attacks; prtect the American peple, critical infrastructure, and key resurces; respnd t and recver frm incidents that d ccur; cntinue t strengthen the fundatin t ensure lng-term success. A. The Rle f Hmeland Security 1. Hmeland security is relatively new in the United States. Fr the mst part, brder security fcused n illegal drug trafficking; preventing undcumented peple frm entering the cuntry; ensuring that tariffs were cllected; and preventing illegal gds frm entering the United States. 2. Types f events described in Hmeland Security literature: terrrism, all hazards, terrrism and catastrphes, jurisdictinal hazards, meta hazards, natinal security, and security über alles 3. FEMA is within the Department f Hmeland Security (DHS) and wuld include catastrphes and hazards. 4. Difficulty in defining exactly what hmeland security is makes it difficult t frmulate plicies and directives. III. Terrrist Threats A. Defining Terrrism 1. Whittacker (2001)prvided several federal definitins f terrrism: a. Federal Bureau f Investigatin: The unlawful use f frce r vilence against persns r prperty t intimidate r cerce gvernment, a civilian ppulatin, r any segment theref, in furtherance f plitical r scial bjectives b. U.S. Department f Defense: The calculated use f vilence r threat f vilence t inculcate fear, intended t cerce r intimidate gvernments r scieties as t the pursuit f gals that are generally plitical, religius, r idelgical c. U.S. Department f State: Premeditated, plitically mtivated vilence perpetuated against nncmbatant targets by sub-natinal

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 47 grups r clandestine agents, usually intended t influence an audience f plitical r scial bjectives. d. There are fur cnsistent threads in terrrism definitins: terrrism invlves premeditatin; terrrists and their acts are mtivated by all srts f plitical agendas; generally the terrrists targets are nncmbatants r civilians, but nt always; terrrist grups are generally sub-natinal r clandestine grups. B. Types f Terrrism 1. State-Spnsred Terrrism a. State-spnsred terrrism cnsists f terrrist acts that ccur at the directin, directly r indirectly, f the state r gvernment. There are fur cuntries currently listed by the Department f State as spnsrs f state-spnsred terrrism: Iran, Syria, Sudan and Cuba. 2. Dissent Terrrism a. Dissent terrrism refers t situatins in which a dissent grup uses terrrist activities against its gvernment. Sri Lanka Tamil Tigers r the IRA are examples f this type f terrrism. 3. Terrrists n the Left and Right a. Left-wing and right-wing terrrism is rted in plitical idelgy, and it generally ccurs in cuntries where ne plitical philsphy dminates, generally in a repressive fashin, and idelgical ppnents fight t verthrw the gvernment. The KKK and Ne-Nazis are examples f right-wing grups; Earth Liberatin Frnt and Animal Liberatin Frnt are examples f leftwing grups. 4. Religius Terrrism a. Religius-mtivated terrrism dminates the wrld stage, and it has been the primary mtivatinal factr fr wrld terrrism fr the last decade. There are ther religius mtivated grups beside the Muslim grups. The prblem with these types f grups is they are far mre deadly and lethal than secular grups as they regard vilence as a divine duty.

48 Instructr s Resurce Manual 5. Criminal Terrrism a. Criminal terrrism refers t terrrist acts that are used t facilitate crime and criminal prfits. The best example is the drug cartels in Mexic. There is a fine line between criminal terrrists and terrrism. C. Terrrist Threats t the United States The primary threats t the United States cme frm tw directins: radical Islamic terrrists and right-wing terrrist grups lcated in the United States. 1. Radical Islamic Terrrism a. The mst visible grup is Al Qaeda, respnsible fr the 9/11 attacks and the attack n the U.S.S. Cle. b. There are ver 53 anti-american terrrist grups, mst f which are in Muslim cuntries. 2. Right-Wing Terrrist Grups Operating in the United States a. Over 85 percent f law enfrcement jurisdictins reprted there were right-wing grups present in their jurisdictins. The tp tw grups identified were anti-abrtin perpetratrs and white supremacists. IV. Weapns f Mass Destructin A. The federal gvernment has defined weapns f mass destructin as: Any explsive, incendiary, pisn gas, bmb, grenade, r rcket having a prpellant charge f mre than fur unces [113 g], missile having an explsive r incendiary charge f mre than ne-quarter unce [7 g], r mine r device similar t the abve, (2) Pisn gas, (3) Any weapn invlving a disease rganism, (4) Any weapn that is designed t release radiatin at a level dangerus t human life. This definitin derives frm U.S. law, 18 U.S.C. Sectin 2332a and the referenced 18 U.S.C. 921. Indictments and cnvictins fr pssessin and use f WMD such as truck bmbs, pipe bmbs, she bmbs, cactus needles cated with btulin txin, etc. have been btained under 18 U.S.C. 2332a. B. Terrrists ultimate gal is t btain a WMD in rder t deply ne r mre in the United States. Frtunately this is nt a simple matter t btain and it is

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 49 highly imprbable that terrrists culd secure the materials in the United States. V. Plice Organizatin and Terrrism It is incumbent upn plice departments t establish a hmeland security unit, r ensure that these tasks are assigned t a multi-task unit. There is sme questin as t hw rapidly plice departments are incrprating hmeland security int their department rganizatin. It wuld appear plice departments are still fcused primarily n traditinal respnse mechanisms. There shuld be a clear-cut assignment f duties t a cmmand level individual that wuld have sme f the fllwing respnsibilities: Manage terrrist and hmeland security infrmatin, including intelligence Maintain a database n critical infrastructure databases and their vulnerabilities Maintain wrking relatins with critical infrastructure wners, managers, and security persnnel Maintain liaisn with state hmeland security fficials Maintain liaisn with federal intelligence agencies such as the FBI and the Jint Terrrism Task Frces Crdinate department respnses t terrrist events Crdinate plice activities with ther first respnder agencies Identify hmeland security training needs fr the department Cnduct r crdinate hmeland security related investigatins Mnitr the readiness f the plice department and ther first respnders in the event f a terrrist attack Investigate terrrist attacks r activities A. Cmmunity Plicing and Hmeland Security 1. Cmmunity plicing has been the primary vehicle that many plice departments have used t prvide services and slve prblems. Many believe that cmmunity plicing shuld be replaced with a traditinal

50 Instructr s Resurce Manual perspective due t the advent in and increased awareness f hmeland security. 2. Adptin f mre traditinal plicing methds has its rts in the brken windws thery f plicing espused by Wilsn and Kelling in 1982. The disrder that results shws itself in tw ways: It demnstrates t ptential law vilatrs that there is little r n cncern s that n ne will reprt crime r cperate with plice. Substantial disrder results in increased fear and fewer peple in public places. 3. Terrrists perate by stealth; they attempt t blend int the ppulatin and remain hidden until they cmmit a terrrist act. VI. Hmeland Security and Public Educatin Prgramming The plice must have gd relatins with the cmmunities they serve t have an effective hmeland security prgram. T gain cmmunity participatin, the plice must educate the public and prvide gd guidance. Hmeland security serves a number functins including: fear reductin, reducing cmmunity tensins, and encuragement f peple t prvide the plice infrmatin. Public educatin must target varius ethnic grups withut creating unnecessary fear in the cmmunity. Educatin prgrams must be able t train citizens in the fllwing behavirs: knw hw t bserve, knw what is suspicius, knw hw t reprt, knw what t reprt, knw what happens next. VII. Plice Effrts t Safeguard Lcal Critical Infrastructure One f the identified pririties by the Office f Hmeland Security is t prtect the American peple, critical infrastructure, and key resurces. It is imprtant fr lcal plice departments t create a catalg r database f pssible terrrist targets fr their jurisdictin, especially thse that wuld result in significant damage, lss f life, r ecnmic lsses, if attacked. Table 3-3 in the text describes types f critical infrastructure that shuld be catalged and prtected.

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 51 Catalging infrastructure serves tw purpses: The database allws the department t cmprehensively develp respnse plans and it results in fcusing attentin n areas that may be f interest t pssible terrrists. Plice departments have critical incident respnse plans t respnd t any number f critical incidents, including terrrist attacks. It is critical these plans cnfrm t the Natinal Incident Management System (NIMS). The ld adage fail t plan, plan t fail is ne f the reasns lcal law enfrcement agencies appear t be have uncrdinated leadership. Sme f these crdinatin prblems can be vercme with planned exercises r drills. After the exercises, the agencies must review and revise their plans accrdingly. A. Partnerships between Law Enfrcement and Security Persnnel t Prtect Critical Infrastructure Private security is a significant frce in public security and safety. Mre is spent n private security than public plice and the private sectr emplys larger numbers f persnnel than d public plice departments. The rle f private security is defined as: thse individuals, rganizatins, and services ther than public law enfrcement and regulatry agencies that are engaged primarily in the preventin and investigatin f crime, lss, r harm t specific individuals, rganizatins, r facilities. Much f the critical infrastructure in the cuntry is guarded by private security persnnel. Public plice and private security are encuraged t develp frmal wrking relatinships in the fllwing areas: imprve jint respnses t critical incidents, crdinate infrastructure prtectin, imprve cmmunicatins and data interperability, blster infrmatin and intelligence sharing, prevent and investigate high-tech crime, and devise respnses t wrkplace vilence. VIII. Respnding t a Hmeland Security Threat In rder t make respnses mre unifrm and effective, the Department f Hmeland Security (2008a) develped the Natinal Respnse Framewrk. The framewrk utlines a layered respnse, r the duties f varius federal, state and lcal gvernments when respnding t a disaster. Secnd, the Department f Hmeland Security (2008b) develped the Natinal Incident Management System, which utlined the cmpnents and peratins f the varius respnses t disasters. These dcuments prvide guidance when respnding t an event.

52 Instructr s Resurce Manual A. Natinal Respnse Framewrk When a majr disaster ccurs, the federal gvernment is called after the initial lcal and state respnse, and it has been determined that lcal and state resurces are inadequate t mitigate the disaster s aftermath. Thus, respnses t incidents are layered as a result f the lcal, state, and federal respnses. The imprtance f all agencies at all levels preparing fr an emergency r majr catastrphe cannt be verstressed. This preparatin sets the stage fr the disaster respnse. Besides preparing a plan, training f all resurces thrugh exercises r drills is imperative. B. Natinal Incident Management System NIMS was cnstructed by the Department f Hmeland Security in an effrt t standardize respnses t critical incidents such as a terrrist attack. There are five primary cmpnents t NIMS: preparedness, cmmunicatins and infrmatin management, resurce management, cmmand and management, and nging management and maintenance. 1. Preparedness a. NIMS shuld be integrated int agencies emergency peratins and shuld include cmmunicatins, resurce management, and cmmand and cntrl. 2. Cmmunicatins and Infrmatin Management a. Ineffective cmmunicatins was ne f the mst significant prblems fr emergency persnnel when respnding t the Wrld Trade Centers n 9/11. 3. Resurce Management a. Lgistical requirement must be identified as quickly as pssible after an incident. Sme resurces must be available almst immediately. These resurces include fd, husing, and care fr the respnders. b. After resurce identificatin, the resurces must be acquired. Sme are available lcally; sme must be shipped frm ther lcatins. Having pre-planned agreements with varius vendrs will alleviate sme f the administrative bttlenecks in securing these resurces.

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 53 4. Cmmand and Cntrl a. At the rt f NIMS is the Incident Cmmand System (ICS). ICS cnsists f several majr cmpnents that can be flexed t adjust t the type f incident cnfrnting emergency services persnnel. b. The tw primary sectin cmpnents f ICS are: i. Incident Cmmand (cnsisting f the Incident Cmmander, Operatins Sectin Chief, Planning Sectin Chief, Lgistics Sectin Chief, and Finance/Administratin Chief) ii. Cmmand Staff (cnsisting f the Public Infrmatin Officer, Safety Officer, and Liaisn Officer) IX. Hmeland Security Intelligence and Plice Departments Any terrrist attack, althugh a natinal cncern, will ccur in a lcal cmmunity and require immediate lcal respnse. A. Jint Terrrism Task Frce 1. The Jint Terrrism Task Frce (JTTF) is a natinal, multi-agency rganizatin that has the respnsibility f cmbating terrrist activities in the United States and is headquartered in Washingtn, D.C. There are smaller smart cells lcated thrughut the United States, staffed with highly trained, lcally based investigatrs, analysts, linguists, and ther specialists. B. Fusin Centers 1. Fusin centers are early warning centers cnsisting f partnerships between cities and cunties and the Federal Bureau f Investigatin. 2. Fusin centers are cmprised f FBI agents, ther federal law enfrcement persnnel, state and lcal plice fficials, and ther public safety fficials such as fire and medical emergency persnnel. 3. The gal is t accumulate all the parties that may be invlved in a terrrist attack, and t gain infrmatin frm all the surces by which t develp strategies and respnse plans.

54 Instructr s Resurce Manual X. Summary The threat f terrrism has resulted in an expansin f plice respnsibilities. The plice must nw prepare fr terrrist attacks, which equates t plice departments implementing a variety f hmeland security measures and in sme cases altering their plice rganizatinal structure. Hmeland security and the threat f terrrism is an expansive area in that plice departments must incrprate hmeland security within a number f units and activities. The threat f terrrism means that plice departments cannt be cmplacent they must be prepared. There are numerus terrrist threats, bth internatinal and within the United States. There are numerus types f terrrist grups ranging frm state-spnsred t criminal terrrism. Hwever, tday, the greatest threat cmes frm religius mtivated terrrists and right-wing terrrists. These grups have a histry f activities and attacks in the United States. Althugh mst terrrist attacks have used cnventinal weapns and explsives, the greatest threat cmes frm weapns f mass destructin bilgical, radilgical, and chemical. The threat frm these weapns results in the plice having t develp cmplex plicies and prcedures t prepare fr a pssible attack. A number f plice departments have develped hmeland security units r divisins whse respnsibility is t prvide a variety f hmeland security prgrams. Sme f these prgrams include public educatin prgrams that infrm the public f dangers and request assistance in identifying suspicius persns and activities. Plice departments must identify critical infrastructure (ptential targets) in their jurisdictin and implement security and respnse plans. In many cases, this planning is in cnjunctin with private security frces. Plice departments must cnsider the Natinal Respnse Framewrk, develped by the Department f Hmeland Security, when preparing their hmeland security plans and frces. This plan integrates lcal departments with federal and state authrities. Shuld there be an incident r catastrphe, plice departments will use the Natinal Incident Management System t crdinate their effrts. The Natinal Incident Management System ensures that there is a unifrm respnse whenever there is sme kind f emergency.

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 55 Key Terms criminal terrrism: terrrist acts that are used t facilitate crime and criminal prfits dissent terrrism: dissent grup uses terrrist activities against its gvernment fusin centers: early warning grups cmprised f FBI agents, ther federal law enfrcement persnnel, state and lcal plice fficials, and ther public safety fficials such as fire and medical emergency hmeland security: cncerted natinal effrt t prevent terrrist attacks within the United States, reduce vulnerability t terrrism, and minimize the damage and recver frm attacks that d ccur Incident Cmmand System (ICS): the fundatin f the NIMS. Defines the rles and respnsibilities f all the "players" t make fr a mre effective disaster respnse Jint Terrrism Task Frce (JTTF): natinal, multi-agency rganizatin that has the respnsibility f cmbating terrrist activities in the United States layered respnse: duties f varius federal, state, and lcal gvernments when respnding t a disaster left-wing and right-wing terrrism: has its rts in plitical idelgy, generally ccurs in cuntries where n plitical philsphy dminates, generally in repressive fashin, and idelgical ppnents fight t verthrw the gvernment Natinal Respnse Framewrk: a methd f respnding t incidents that unifrm and effective fr all rganizatins Natinal Incident Respnse System (NIMS): utlines the cmpnents and peratins f the varius respnses t disasters religius-mtivated terrrism: primary mtivatinal factr fr wrld terrrism state-spnsred terrrism: terrrist acts that ccur at the directin, directly r indirectly, f the state r gvernment terrrism definitins: premeditated, mtivated by plitical agendas, targets are nncmbatants r civilians, sub-natinal r clandestine grups Weapns f Mass Destructin: any explsive, incendiary, pisn gas, bmb, grenade, r rcket having a prpellant charge f mre than fur unces, missile having an explsive r incendiary charge f mre than ne-quarter unce, r mine r device similar

56 Instructr s Resurce Manual t the abve. Pisn gas. Any weapn invlving a disease rganism. Any weapn that is designed t release radiatin at a level dangerus t human life. (18 U.S.C. 2332a) Answers t Study Questins Althugh the answers listed belw are nt exhaustive and will vary frm student t student, the student shuld address at the minimum the fllwing key pints. 1. What is hmeland security and what types f disasters fall within the authrity f hmeland security agencies? (See pages 62 63 in the text.) As defined by Office f Hmeland Security, hmeland security is a cncerted natinal effrt t prevent terrrist attacks within the United Sates, reduce America s vulnerability t terrrism, and minimize the damage and recver frm attacks that d ccur. The Natinal Strategy cntains fur basic gals: prevent and disrupt terrrist attacks; prtect the American peple, critical infrastructure, and key resurces; respnd t and recver frm incidents that d ccur; cntinue t strengthen the fundatin t ensure lng-term success. 2. What are the types f terrrism? Which f these types are f the greatest threat t the United States? (See pages 65 67 in the text.) State-spnsred terrrism cnsists f terrrist acts that ccur at the directin, directly r indirectly, f the state r gvernment. There are fur cuntries currently listed by the Department f State as spnsrs f statespnsred terrrism: Iran, Syria, Sudan and Cuba. Dissent terrrism refers t where a dissent grup uses terrrist activities against its gvernment. Sri Lanka Tamil Tigers r the IRA are examples f this type f terrrism. Left-wing and right-wing terrrism is rted in plitical idelgy, and it generally ccurs in cuntries where ne plitical philsphy dminates, generally in a repressive fashin, and idelgical ppnents fight t verthrw the gvernment. The KKK and Ne-Nazis are examples f right-wing grups; Earth Liberatin Frnt and Animal Liberatin Frnt are examples f left-wing grups. Religius mtivated terrrism dminates the wrld stage, and it has been the primary mtivatinal factr fr wrld terrrism fr the last decade. There are ther religius mtivated grups beside the Muslim grups. The prblem with these types f grups is they are far mre deadly and lethal than secular grups as they regard vilence as a divine duty.

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 57 Criminal terrrism refers t terrrist acts that are used t facilitate crime and criminal prfits. The best example is the drug cartels in Mexic. There is a fine line between criminal terrrists and terrrism. 3. What are weapns f mass destructin? What kinds f weapns f mass destructin exist? (See pages 67 68 in the text.) The federal gvernment has defined weapns f mass destructin as: Any explsive, incendiary, pisn gas, bmb, grenade, r rcket having a prpellant charge f mre than fur unces [113 g], missile having an explsive r incendiary charge f mre than ne-quarter unce [7 g], r mine r device similar t the abve Pisn gas Any weapn invlving a disease rganism Any weapn that is designed t release radiatin at a level dangerus t human life This definitin derives frm US law, 18 U.S.C. Sectin 2332a and the referenced 18 U.S.C. 921. Indictments and cnvictins fr pssessin and use f WMD such as truck bmbs, pipe bmbs, she bmbs, cactus needles cated with btulin txin, etc. have been btained under 18 U.S.C. 2332a. 4. What prgrams r activities can plice departments implement as part f their hmeland security effrts? (See pages 74 76 in the text.) The plice must have gd relatins with the cmmunities they serve t have an effective hmeland security prgram. T gain cmmunity participatin, the plice must educate the public and prvide gd guidance. Hmeland security serves a number functins including: fear reductin, reducing cmmunity tensins, and encuragement f peple t prvide the plice infrmatin. Public educatin must target varius ethnic grups withut creating unnecessary fear in the cmmunity. Educatin prgrams must be able t train citizens in the fllwing behavirs: knw hw t bserve, knw what is suspicius, knw hw t reprt, knw what t reprt, and knw what happens next.

58 Instructr s Resurce Manual 5. Hw des private security fit in the hmeland security preventin matrix? (See pages 76 78 in the text.) Private security is a significant frce in public security and safety. Mre is spent n private security than public plice and the private sectr emplys larger numbers f persnnel than d public plice departments. The rle f private security is defined as: thse individuals, rganizatins, and services ther than public law enfrcement and regulatry agencies that are engaged primarily in the preventin and investigatin f crime, lss, r harm t specific individuals, rganizatins, r facilities Much f the critical infrastructure in the cuntry is guarded by private security persnnel. 6. What is the Natinal Respnse Framewrk? Hw des it affect lcal law enfrcement? (See pages 78 81 in the text.) In rder t make respnses mre unifrm and effective, the Department f Hmeland Security (2008a) develped the Natinal Respnse Framewrk. The framewrk utlines a layered respnse, r the duties f varius federal, state and lcal gvernments when respnding t a disaster. 7. What is the Natinal Incident Management System? Hw d lcal plice departments fit int this system? (See pages 81 83 in the text.) NIMS was cnstructed by the Department f Hmeland Security in an effrt t standardize respnses t critical incidents such as a terrrist attack. There are five primary cmpnents t NIMS: preparedness, cmmunicatins and infrmatin management, resurce management, cmmand and management, and nging management and maintenance. Preparedness: NIMS shuld be integrated int agencies emergency peratins and shuld include cmmunicatins, resurce management, and cmmand and cntrl. Cmmunicatins and Infrmatin Management: Ineffective cmmunicatins was ne f the mst significant prblems fr emergency persnnel when respnding t the Wrld Trade Centers n 9/11. Resurce Management: Lgistical requirement must be identified as quickly as pssible after an incident. Sme resurces must be available

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 59 almst immediately. These resurces include, fd, husing and care fr the respnders. After resurce identificatin, the resurces must be acquired. Sme are available lcally; sme must be shipped frm ther lcatins. Having pre-planned agreements with varius vendrs will alleviate sme f the administrative bttlenecks in securing these resurces. Cmmand and Cntrl: At the rt f NIMS is the Incident Cmmand System (ICS). ICS cnsists f several majr cmpnents that can be flexed t adjust t the type f incident cnfrnting emergency services persnnel. The tw primary sectin cmpnents f ICS are: Incident Cmmand, cnsisting f the Incident Cmmander, Operatins Sectin Chief, Planning Sectin Chief, Lgistics Sectin Chief, and Finance/Administratin Chief Cmmand Staff, cnsisting f the Public Infrmatin Officer, Safety Officer, and Liaisn Officer Discussin Questins 1. Discuss left-wing terrrism. Hw dangerus is left-wing terrrism t the United States? Explain why yu believe this. Discussin Pints: Left-wing terrrism is rted in plitical idelgy, and it generally ccurs in cuntries where ne plitical philsphy dminates, generally in a repressive fashin, and idelgical ppnents fight t verthrw the gvernment. The Earth Liberatin Frnt and Animal Liberatin Frnt are examples f left-wing grups. 2. Discuss whether r nt the United States is prepared fr a weapn f mass destructin attack. Hw difficult wuld it be t have a weapn f mass destructin brught int the United States? What measures shuld be taken t prevent an attack by a weapn f mass destructin? Give examples. Discussin Pints: The federal gvernment has defined weapns f mass destructin as: Any explsive, incendiary, pisn gas, bmb, grenade, r rcket having a prpellant charge f mre than fur unces [113 g], missile having an

60 Instructr s Resurce Manual explsive r incendiary charge f mre than ne-quarter unce [7 g], r mine r device similar t the abve Pisn gas Any weapn invlving a disease rganism Any weapn that is designed t release radiatin at a level dangerus t human life This definitin derives frm U.S. law, 18 U.S.C. Sectin 2332a and the referenced 18 U.S.C. 921. Indictments and cnvictins fr pssessin and use f WMD such as truck bmbs, pipe bmbs, she bmbs, cactus needles cated with btulin txin, etc. have been btained under 18 U.S.C. 2332a. Terrrists ultimate gal is t btain a WMD in rder t deply ne r mre in the United States. Frtunately this is nt a simple matter t btain and it is highly imprbable that terrrists culd secure the materials in the United States. 3. Discuss what is required t establish a Hmeland Security Unit in yur lcal plice agency. Des yur lcal agency have a lcal Hmeland Security Unit? Des it cnfrm t the guidelines established by the Office f Hmeland Security? Discussin Pints: It is incumbent upn plice departments t establish a hmeland security unit, r ensure that these tasks are assigned t a multi-task unit. There is sme questin n hw rapidly plice departments are incrprating hmeland security int their department rganizatin. It wuld appear plice departments are still fcused primarily n traditinal respnse mechanisms. There shuld be a clear-cut assignment f duties t a cmmand level individual that wuld have sme f the fllwing respnsibilities: Manage terrrist and hmeland security infrmatin including intelligence Maintain a database n critical infrastructure databases and their vulnerabilities Maintain wrking relatins with critical infrastructure wners, managers, and security persnnel

Chapter 3: Plice Administratin and Hmeland Security 61 Maintain liaisn with state hmeland security fficials Maintain liaisn with federal intelligence agencies such as the FBI and the Jint Terrrism Task Frces Crdinate department respnses t terrrist events Crdinate plice activities with ther first respnder agencies Identify hmeland security training needs fr the department Cnduct r crdinate hmeland security related investigatins Mnitr the readiness f the plice department and ther first respnders in the event f a terrrist attack Investigate terrrist attacks r activities Learning Activity 1. Scenari: Yu have been dispatched t a critical incident, a prpane tank farm leak with the pssibility f an explsin happening at any time. While yu are en rute t the call, the tank farm expldes, causing damage ver a 10-mile area. The press is calling yur ffice demanding answers as t what yu are ging t d. The public wants t knw hw t cntact their lved nes wh are missing. Yu have mass casualties and resurces are stretched. Divide the class int tw grups. Have each grup assign an Incident Cmmander. Using NIMS and ICS principles, establish a Cmmand Pst and wrk the incident. What wuld yu d first? Be prepared t explain yur actins.