Introduction Chapter 2 The French Regime (1608 1760)
Exploration and Colonization Objectives in exploration: 1. To find a route to Asia The route for European merchants to Asia through Constantinople was blocked by the Ottoman Turks. 2. To bring back resources (fish, fur, gold, etc) 3. To compete against other European rivals who were trying to claim more land and become rich.
Exploration and Colonization
Claimed territory of New France - 1713
Exploration and Colonization Occupying the Territory Name the 3 administrative regions in New France. Canada Acadia Louisiana In which cities where most government offices located? New France at the peak of its territory expansion Québec Trois-Rivières Montréal
Colonization
Early New France A. Early New France: The economy of New France was based on the theory of mercantilism: It was an economic theory where a country s power was determined by the amount of gold it had. Lots of gold = buy bigger army = control the world Designed to enrich and help the mother country and not the colonies.
Early New France Steps in Mercantilism: 1. Accumulate resources in the colonies 2. Ship those resources to the mother country 3. Sell resources to other countries 4. Obtain gold in return. Role of the colonies in mercantilism: Send resources to the mother country Any decision in the colony always had to benefit or enrich the mother country
Early New France Examples of raw materials / resources that New France possessed : Fish, beaver pelts (fur)
Triangular Trade Triangular Trade, a part of the concept of Mercantilism
Imperialism and Colonization Triangular Trade
Economy and Development The French Regime
Trading vs. Settlement Colony Colonies were set up around the world by Europeans to enrich the Mother Country. Focus Trading Colony exploit natural resources, export them back to the mother country. Colonists Most are temporary Economy Small, underdeveloped Goal Enrich mother country New France, AKA Canada (owned by France) Settlement Colony exploit natural resources AND settle colonists. Most are permanent Expanding, large Enrich mother country AND form a society 13 Colonies, AKA USA (owned by England)
Chp. 2 The French Regime The First Settlements The First Settlements in New France: Most colonists would settle in the St. Lawrence River Valley. New towns included: 1. Quebec City (1608) 2. Trois-Rivières (1634) 3. Montreal / Ville-Marie (1642) Reasons why those sites were chosen: Situated close to the river for trade, transport and defense Close to the Native people (for the fur trade).
Chp. 2 The French Regime The First Settlements Original Plans for Quebec City (1608)
Chp. 2 The French Regime The First Settlements
The First Settlements Ville-Marie (Montreal) in 1642
The First Settlements Fur trading with the First Nations People
The First Settlements The walls of Ville-Marie (Montreal) near 1745
The First Settlements The walls of Ville-Marie (Montreal) near 1745
Chp. 2 The French Regime The First Colonists Populating New France would be a difficult process Only 4 families settled near Quebec City 10 years after it was created.
Chp. 2 The French Regime Relations with the Aboriginals Relations with the Aboriginals An alliance with the Native people was crucial if the French wanted to build a successful colony. The Natives helped the French in many ways: Basic survival (food, shelter) Military purposes (defense) Economic reasons (fur trade) Evangelization and spreading Catholicism
Chp. 2 The French Regime Relations with the Aboriginals Jacques Cartier and the Algonquin vs. the Iroquois - European presence would intensify Aboriginal conflict and rivalries
Chp. 2 The French Regime Relations with the Aboriginals The French made an alliance first with the Algonquin and the Huron-Wendat Confederacy. As a result, the Iroquois became the enemy of the French Result war and conflict between the French, its allies and the Iroquois for years to come.
Missionaries
Chp. 2 The French Regime The Church and the Aboriginals The Church would attempt to convert the Native people to Catholicism by: Sending missionaries (ex: Jesuits, Urselines, Récollets) to build forts and live on native land Learn the Native languages Preach the word of God Domiciliés were Native people who would settle in French villages and learn the French way of life
Chp. 2 The French Regime Demographic differences
New France before 1663 B. New France before 1663: The King left the development and settlement of New France to merchants and various Fur Trading Companies. Under their control, demographic growth in New France was very slow: Reasons: It was hard to convince people to leave France Wars in Europe and priorities of the Mother Country Harsh climate in N.-F. Fur trading companies focused more on making money than populating N.-F.
Early New France The Company of One Hundred Associates, run by Cardinal Richelieu, was created in 1627 by the King of France to fix the problems in the colony. They were given a monopoly over the fur trade, and told to: 1. Increase the population 2. Evangelize the Aboriginals Engagés (temporary workers) were hired as craftspeople and farmers to develop the colony.
Resources to be exploited The Beaver (Castor Canadensis) Fur trading with the First Nations
The Fur Trade in New France
Early New France The colony quickly ran into trouble under the control of the Company of 100 Associates: They did not populate New France because they focused more on making money. Most of the Engagés they hired went back to France after 3 years. In 1629 the invading English Kirke brothers captured the city of Quebec, including many fur pelts.
Chp. 2 The French Regime Relations with the Aboriginals Q. How could this be a concern to New France? Q. What could France do to increase the population in New France?
Early New France After signing the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with the English 1632, New France returns to French control. To regain control over New France, the first Governor General (Charles Montmagny) is appointed by the king in 1636. He shares control of the colony with the Company of 100 Associates. He controls the army Reports to and takes orders from the king.
Chp. 2 The French Regime The First Settlements
Settled areas of New France
Test Wed. Dec 21! All of Chapter 2 so far (Pt. 1 + 2) Pop Quiz this week Study notes and worksheets. See Mr. Wadden this Wednesday for tutorials
Seigneurial System The Seigneurial System French system of agriculture in New France. Objectives: Develop the land in an orderly way (ex: rectangles, access to a river) Attract people to move to the colony. Organized society and social classes Made up of: Censitaires (peasant farmers) Seigneurs (land owners) Church Windmill Page 72
Seigneurial System More food = Can feed more people = Happy and Healthy population = More people!
Developing the territory in New France The Seigneurial System
The Seigneurial System Sewing and clearing the land by hand (no machines)
Seigneurial System Seigneur Censitaire Responsibilities Be loyal to the king Build flour mill, roads, and church for Censitaires Keep an account ($$$) of the Seigneury Bring in settlers Give free labor and food to the Seigneur Pay church tax (tithe) Maintain roads and fields Pay homage to the Seigneur Page 72
Seigneurial System The Seigneurs were usually former generals, nobles, wealthy and part of the elite. They were given a front row pew at church Remains could be buried under the pew. Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville (1668-1722) Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil- Cavagnal (1698-1778)
Seigneurial System Daily life in New France Most people (80%) lived in the rural areas Families were self-dependent. Summer / Spring:» Cleared forest, plough field, cultivated the land. Fall / winter:» Preserved food, butchered animals, collected firewood» Visited neighbours, made furniture, craftwork, clothing. http://www.historymuseum.ca/virtualmuseum-of-new-france/daily-life/foodways/
Catholicism in New France The Catholic Church in New France Catholicism was the only religion permitted in N.-F. and only Catholics could settle there. Played a key role in developing the colony through: 1. Evangelization and assimilation of the Aboriginals 2. Religious guidance and social norms / rules 3. Social services (education and health care)
Catholicism in New France Many Parishes (land under control of the church) were established. Colonists had follow the orders of the Bishop (ex: Monseigneur Laval): Attend mass, baptism, communion. Pay the church tax (tithe) Dress and dance appropriately. Monseigneur François de Laval
Catholicism in New France Most of the social support (education, health care) was done through Religious Orders: Ex: Jesuits, Récollets, Urselines, Sulpicians Loyola High School Hotel-Dieux Montreal
Catholicism in New France The clergy set the calendar, managed weddings, the tithe, clothing standards, education, healthcare, architecture, religious art, regulation of daily life, religious documents, etc. Encensoir ostensoir ciboire calice
Catholicism in New France Ville-Marie (or Montreal, or Stadacona) was founded in 1642 by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve and Jeanne-Meance. Site was chosen due to:
Catholicism in New France Many animals (beaver, fox, etc.) for the fur trade Close to the Iroquois (to evangelize) Lachine Rapids control of the St-Lawrence River
Catholicism in New France
Catholicism in New France
Catholicism in New France Iroquois attacks on the French intensified due to: French settlements encroaching on Iroquois land Missionaries and religious orders trying to assimilate the Iroquois (many would never return alive) Forced the French to build forts along main rivers The Iroquois almost eliminated the ally of the French, the Huron-Wendat, due to the rivalry in the fur trade.
Catholicism in New France The Destruction of Huronia by the Iroquois
Power and Countervailing Powers French Regime Why was maintaining a military alliance with the Amerindians so important for the French? Due to low population in New France
Slow growth in the colony New France around 1663: 50 years after the founding of New France the colony remained underdeveloped: Very low population and economic growth 4 000 colonists in N.-F. vs. 80 000 in the British 13 Colonies 65% of the colonists were men (fur trade, soldiers) Population of New France in the 1660s
Demographic imbalance in New France
Demographic Growth in New France Why is it so important for a colony to have a population that is growing? Jobs (services), police, military, defence, etc. Rival colonies (ex: the 13 Colonies) had a much larger population A steady increase in the natural birth rate would ensure a healthy population for France s colony in North America
Demographic Growth in New France Why was maintaining a military alliance with the Amerindians so important for the French? Due to a low population in New France
Growth of the Territory The claimed territory was much larger than the settled territory 90% of the people settled in the St. L. Valley Yet the French colony territory was claimed from Newfoundland to the Great Lakes Exploration continued through the Great Lakes and the Mississippi despite a small population
Claimed territory of New France ~ 1663 Pg. 81 Video: http://www.history.com/ topics/jamestown
Claimed territory of New France - 1713
Exploration of the interior
Aboriginal Population Native populations would continue to decline caused mainly by: No immunity to European diseases Alcohol, guns and increased rivalries and conflict The fur trade and loss of habitat Acculturation (loss of traditional culture) and marriages with Europeans (Metis)
New France around 1663 Review! Who was in control of managing and populating New France? Did they do a good job? Why not?
New France around 1663 C. New France and The Royal Government: In 1663, King Louis XIV of France took control of all the French colonies around the world. He placed them under a Royal Government, and took absolute control. Goals of the Royal Government: 1. Increase the population by: Encouraging immigration Sending over Les Filles du Roi 2. Diversify the economy and obtain more resources.
The Royal Government of 1663 The King of France: Louis XIV Has all the power, selects Ministers Minister of the Marine: Jean-Baptiste Colbert Responsible for the Entire French Colony The Sovereign Council Made up of the Governor General, the Intendant, and a representative of the Bishop. Responsible for courts Governor General Represents the King of France in New France. Responsible for external affairs and organizes military attacks Intendant: Jean Talon Responsible for Internal Affairs: - Police, military, justice, finance economic development, administration, and population Military Captains Responsible to implement a militia in a Seigneurie. They relay the military and civil orders between people and those in charge The Citizens 67
The Royal Government Supervised all the colonies and gave orders through letters - Responsible for external affairs - Represented the king - Had the last word - Responsible for internal affairs Ex: economy, justice, populating (Jean Talon) - Court of the land - The people had no rights or any part of the gov.
The Royal Government The Minister of the Marine supervised all the colonies and gave orders through letters. In New France, the King appointed a Governor General: Was responsible for external affairs Represented the king and had the last word The intendant (Jean Talon) was responsible for internal affairs: The economy, justice, populating The Sovereign Council was the court of the land
The Royal Government Sovereign Council in New France (part of the Royal Government of 1663) Governor General (King), Intendant (New France), Bishop (Church)
Louis XIV Chapter 2 The French Regime Absolutism (divine right of Kings)
The Royal Government Absolutism: The King thought he was God s representative on Earth and had divine inspiration to rule over the people His power had no limit Examples: The buste (statue) of the king in market squares Naming a street or building after the King The Royal coat of arms
The Royal Government
The Royal Government
The Royal Government Militia and army: