A Correlation of AP Edition 11 th Edition, 2014 Human Geography Topic Outline AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
A Correlation of, AP Outline Topic I: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives (5 10%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Geography as a field of inquiry Introducing Basic Concepts, 4; Introduction, 5 B. Major geographical concepts underlying the geographical perspective: location, space, place, scale, pattern, nature and society, regionalization, globalization, and gender issues C. Key Geographical skills: 1) How to use and think about maps and geospatial data 2) How to understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places 3) How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes 4) How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process 5) How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places D. Use of geospatial technologies, such as GIS, remote sensing, global positioning systems (GPS), and online maps E. Sources of geographical information and ideas and data: the field, census data, online data, aerial photography, and satellite imagery F. Identification of major world regions (World Regions: A Big Picture View and A Closer Look) How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are? 5 13 How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are? 5 13; Place: A Unique Location 14 15; Region: A Unique Area 16 19 How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are? 5 13; Place: A Unique Location 14 15 Region: A Unique Area 16 19 Region: A Unique Area 16 19; Why Are Different Places Similar? 20 29 Connections Between Places, 26 29 Contemporary Tools, 12 13; Pause and Reflect, 351 Maps, 5 11; Contemporary Tools, 12 13; Spatial Analysis and the Census, 45; Population Concentrations, 46 47; Population Density, 48 49; Pause and Reflect, 351 Region: A Unique Area 16 19; Climate Regions, 32; Population Distribution, 46; Distribution of Language Families, 146 147; Distribution of Religions, 184 185; The United Nations, 262 263 2
A Correlation of, Topic II: Population and Migration (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Geographical analysis of population 1) Density, distribution, and scale Where Is the World's Population Distributed? 45 49 2) Implications of various densities and distributions 3) composition: age, sex, income, education, and ethnicity 4) Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health Population Density, 48 49; Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? 64 73; Where Are Migrants Distributed? 79 83 Population Structure, 54 55 Fertility and Mortality, 52 53; Declining Birth Rates, 58 59 B. Population growth and decline over time and space 1) Historical trends and projections for Components of Population Growth, 50 53; the future Population Structure, 54 55; Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions? 56 63; Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? 64 73; Where Are Migrants Distributed? 79 83 2) Theories of population growth and decline, including the Demographic Transition Model The Demographic Transition, 56 59; Malthus on Overpopulation, 60 61 3) Regional variations of demographic transitions 4) Effects of national population policies: promoting population growth in some countries or reducing fertility rates in others 5) Environmental impacts of population change on water use, food supplies, biodiversity, the atmosphere, and climate 6) Population and natural hazards: impacts on policy, economy, and society Components of Population Growth, 50 53; Population Structure, 54 55; Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? 64 73 Declining Birth Rates, 58 59; China and India, 63 Population Futures, 62 63; Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? 64 73 U.S. Immigration Patterns, 82 83 3
A Correlation of, C. Migration 1) Migration selectivity Types of migration: transnational, internal, chain, step, seasonal agriculture (e.g. transhumance), and rural to urban International and Internal Migration, 80; Interregional Migration, 84 89; Intraregional Migration, 90 91; Chain Migration, 97; Movements of Pastoral Nomads, 359 2) Major historical migrations U.S. Immigration Patterns, 82 83; Migration Between Regions of the United States, 84 85; Migration Between Regions in the World s Largest Country, 86; Trail of Tears, 87; Migration Between Regions in Other Large Countries, 88 89; Europe s Migrant Workers, 94; Asia s Migrant Workers, 95; Mexico s Border with the United States, 98 99; Immigration Concerns in Europe, 102 103 3) Push and pull factors, and migration in relation to employment and quality of life. 4) Refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons 5) Consequences of migration: socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, and political; immigration policies; remittances Why Do People Migrate? 92; Political Push and Pull Factors, 92; Environmental Push and Pull Factors, 92 93; Economic Push and Pull Factors, 94; Europe s Migrant Workers, 94; Asia s Migrant Workers, 95 Political Push and Pull Factors, 92; Environmental Push and Pull Factors, 92 93; Migrating to Find Work, 94 95 Why Do People Migrate? 92-95; Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? 96 103 Topic III: Cultural Patterns and Processes (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Concepts of culture 1) Culture Traits Introducing Folk and Popular Culture, 108; Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? 109 115; Introducing Languages, 142; Where Are Languages Distributed? 143 149; Introducing Religions, 182; Where Are Religions Distributed? 183 191; Introduction: Ethnicities, 226; Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? 227 231 4
A Correlation of, 2) Diffusion patterns Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? 109 115; Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? 116 125; Where Are Languages Distributed? 143 149; Where Are Religions Distributed? 183 191; Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? 227 231 3) Acculturation, assimilation, and multiculturalism 4) Cultural regions, vernacular regions, and culture hearth 5) Globalization and the effects of technology on cultures Where Are Languages Distributed? 143 149; Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? 158 163; Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? 192 199; Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 200 211 Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? 109 115; Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? 116 125; Where Are Languages Distributed? 143 149; Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? 158 163; Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? 192 199; Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 200 211 Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? 126 131; English on the Internet, 177 B. Cultural differences and regional patterns 1) Language and communications Introducing Languages, 142; Where Are Languages Distributed? 143 149; Why Is English Related to Other Languages? 150 157; Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? 158 163; Why Do People Preserve Local Languages? 164 177 2) Religion and sacred space Introducing Religions, 182; Where Are Religions Distributed? 183 191; Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? 192 199; Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 200 211; Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups? 212 221 5
A Correlation of, 3) Ethnicity and nationalism Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups? 212 221; Introduction: Ethnicities, 226; Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? 227 231; Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? 232 237; Why Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities? 238 245; Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide? 246 255 4) Cultural differences in attitudes towards gender Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture, 132 133; Why Does Development Vary by Gender? 310-313 5) Popular and folk culture Introducing Folk and Popular Culture, 108; Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? 109 115; Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? 116 125; Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? 126 131; Why Do Folk and Popular Culture Face Sustainability Challenges? 132 137 6) Cultural conflicts, and law and policy to protect culture C. Cultural landscape and cultural identity 1) Symbolic landscapes and sense of place 2) The formation of identity and place making 3) Differences in cultural attitudes and practices toward the environment Why Do Folk and Popular Culture Face Sustainability Challenges? 132 137; Why Do People Preserve Local Languages? 164 177; Why Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities? 238 245; Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide? 246 255 Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 200 211 Why Is Each Point on Earth Unique? 14 19; Cultural Identity in Space, 24; Cultural Identity in Contemporary Thought, 25 Sustainability and Human-Environment Relationships, 34 37; Where Is Agriculture Distributed? 356 373; Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries 378 379 4) Indigenous peoples Native American Languages, 161, 167; Indian Removal Act of 1830, 87; Origin, 111; Folk Music, 112; Other Ethnic Religions, 191 6
A Correlation of, Topic IV: Political Organization of Space (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Territorial dimensions of politics 1) The concepts of political power and Where Are States Distributed? 261 275 territoriality 2) The nature, meaning, and function of boundaries 3) Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchange 4) Federal and unitary states, confederations, centralized government, and forms of governance 5) Spatial relationships between political patterns and patterns of ethnicity, economy, and gender 6) Political ecology: impacts of law and policy on the environment and environmental justice Types of Boundaries, 276 279 Why Do Boundaries Cause Problems? 276 285 Why Are Nation-states Difficult to Create? 268 275; Governing States, 282 283 Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? 232 237; Why Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities? 238 245; Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide? 246 255; Shapes of States, 280 281 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 424; Global Warming, 36, 412 413; U.S, Local-Scale Air Pollution (require catalytic converters), 414 B. Evolution of the contemporary political pattern 1) The nation-state concept Development of the State Concept, 266 267 2) Colonialism and imperialism Colonies, 274 275 3) Democratization Governing States, 282 283 4) Fall of communism and legacy of the Cold War 5) Patterns of local, regional, and metropolitan governance Independent Nation-States in Former Soviet Republics, 270 271; The Largest Multinational State: Russia, 272; Turmoil in the Caucasus, 272 273 Governing States, 282 283 7
A Correlation of, C. Changes and challenges to political-territorial arrangements 1) Changing nature of sovereignty Sovereignty, 261; Challenges in Defining States, 264 265 2) Fragmentation, unification, alliance Fragmented States, 281; Governing States, 282 283; Cold War Competition and Alliances, 286 287; Economic Alliances in Europe, 288 289; Alliances in Other Regions, 289 3) Supranationalism and international alliances 4) Devolution of countries: centripetal and centrifugal forces 5) Electoral geography, redistricting and gerrymandering The United Nations, 262 263; Unitary and Federal States, 283; Why Do States Cooperate and Compete with Each other? 286 295 Nationalism: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces, 239 Electoral Geography, 284 285 6) Armed conflicts, war, and terrorism Why Do States Cooperate and Compete with Each Other? 286 295 Topic V: Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Development and diffusion of agriculture 1) Neolithic Agricultural Revolution Agricultural Revolution, 348 349 2) Second Agricultural Revolution Percentage of Farmers in the Labor Force, 350; Use of Machinery, 350 3) Green Revolution Green Revolution, 384 385 4) Large-scale commercial agriculture and agribusiness B. Major agricultural production regions 1) Agricultural systems associated with major bioclimatic zones Agriculture in Developed Regions, 366 373 Agricultural Revolution, 348 349; Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture, 350 351; Why Do People Consume Different Foods? 352 355; Where Is Agriculture Distributed? 356 373 8
A Correlation of, 2) Variations within major zones and effects of markets 3) Interdependence among regions of food production and consumption C. Rural land use and settlement patterns 1) Models of agricultural land use, including von Thunen s model 2) Settlement patterns associated with major agriculture types: subsistence, cash cropping, plantation, mixed farming, monoculture, pastoralism, ranching, forestry, fishing, and aquaculture 3) Land use/land cover change: irrigation, desertification, deforestation, wetland destruction, conservation efforts to protect or restore natural land cover, and global impacts 4) Roles of women in agricultural production and farming communities Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries, 374 377; Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries, 378 379; Strategies to Increase the World s Food Supply, 380 385 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture, 350 351; Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? 374 387 Agriculture in Developing Countries, 358 365; Agriculture in Developed Regions, 366 373; Challenges For Farmers in Developed Countries, 378 379; Von Thunen Model, 379 Agriculture in Developing Regions, 356-365; Agriculture in Developed Regions, 366-373 Why Do People Consume Different Foods? 352 355; Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries, 374 377; Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries, 378 379 Figure 10-22, 360; also see: Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries, 374 377 D. Issues in contemporary commercial agriculture 1) Biotechnology, including genetically Genetically Modified Foods, 385 modified organisms (GMO) 2) Spatial organization of industrial agriculture, including the transition in land use to large-scale commercial farming and factors affecting the location of processing facilities 3) Environmental issues: soil degradation, overgrazing, river and aquifer depletion, animal wastes, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture, 350 351; Where Is Agriculture Distributed? 356 373 Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries, 374 377; Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries, 378 379 9
A Correlation of, 4) Organic farming, crop rotation, valueadded specialty foods, regional appellations, fair trade, and eat-localfood movements 5) Global food distribution, malnutrition, and famine Sustainable Agriculture, 386 387 Strategies to Increase the World s Food Supply, 380 385 Topic VI: Industrialization and Economic Development (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Growth and diffusion of industrialization 1) The changing roles of energy and technology Why Are Energy Resources Important for Development? 314 327; Where Is Industry Distributed? 395 397; Where Does Industry Cause Pollution? 412 417; 2) Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, 385 3) Models of economic development: Rostow s Stages of Economic Growth and Wallerstein s World Systems Theory 4) Geographic critiques of models of economic localization: bid rent, Weber s comparative costs of transportation and industrial location in relation to resources, location of relating and service industries, and local economic development within competitive global systems of corporations and finance Rostow Model, 329; Globalization of the Economy, 20 21 Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? 328 340; Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? 398 411 B. Social and economic measures of development 1) Gross domestic product and GDP per Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 302, 308 capita 2) Human Development Index Human Development Index, 301-303, 305, 306 309, 310 313, 339 340 3) Gender Inequality Index Gender Inequality Index, 310; also see: Why Does Development Vary by Gender? 310 313 4) Income disparity and the Gini coefficient Income, 302 10
A Correlation of, 5) Changes in fertility and mortality Fertility and Mortality, 52 53; Declining Birth Rates, 58 59 6) Access to health care, education, utilities, and sanitation Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? 64 73; A Long and Healthy Life, 305; Access to Knowledge, 306 309; Why Are Energy Resources Important for Development? 314 325 C. Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization and development 1) Spatial organization of the world Why Does Development Vary among economy Countries? 301 309; Why Does Development Vary by Gender? 310 313; Where Is Industry Distributed? 395 397; Why Are Situation and Site Factors Changing? 418 424 2) Variations in levels of development (uneven development) 3) Deindustrialization, economic restructuring, and the rise of service and high technology economies 4) Globalization, manufacturing in newly industrialized countries (NICs), and the and international division of labor 5) Natural resource depletion, pollution, and climate change Why Does Development Vary among Countries? 301 309; Why Does Development Vary by Gender? 310 313; Why Are Energy Resources Important for Development? 314 327 Changes within Developed Regions, 418 419; Emerging Industrial Regions, 420 421; Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions, 422; Where Are Services Distributed? 431 433; Globalization of Economy, 20 21; Changes within Developed Regions, 418 419; Emerging Industrial Regions, 420 421; A Global Industry: What Is an American Car? 424 Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? 398 411; Where Does Industry Cause Pollution? 412 417 6) Sustainable development Sustainability and Resources, 30 31; Why Are Energy Resources Important for Development? 314 327; Sustainable Agriculture, 386 387 11
A Correlation of, 7) Government development initiatives: local, regional, and national policies 8) Women in development and gender equity in the workforce Why Does Development Vary among Countries? 301 309; Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? 328 340; Where Does Industry Cause Pollution? 412 417 Why Does Development Vary by Gender? 310 313 Topic VII: Cities and Urban Land Use (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Development and character of cities 1) Origin of cities; site and situation characteristics CBD Land Uses, 461 465; Where Are People Distributed within Urban Areas? 466 475 2) Forces driving urbanization Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? 461 465 3) Borchert s epochs of urban transportation development Urban Transportation, 484 489 4) World cities and megacities Hierarchy of Business Services, 442 443; Defining Urban Settlements, 476 477; Overlapping Metropolitan Areas, 478 5) Suburbanization processes Suburban Expansion 476 481; Segregation in the Suburbs 482 483; Urbanization, 452 455 B. Models of urban hierarchies: reasons for the distribution and size of cities 1) Gravity model Gravity Model, 438 2) Christaller s central place theory Central Place Theory, 434, 436 3) Rank-size rule Rank-Size Distribution of Settlements, 437 4) Primate cities Primate City Rule, 437 C. Models of internal city structure and urban development: strengths and limitations of models 1) Burgess concentric zone model Concentric Zone Model, 466, 468 2) Hoyt sector model Sector Model, 467, 469 12
A Correlation of, 3) Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model Multiple Nuclei Model, 467, 469 4) Galactic city model The Peripheral Model, 476 5) Models of cities in Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East, sub- Saharan Africa, East Asia, and South Asia Applying Models Outside North America, 470 471; Applying the Models in Developing Countries, 472 473; Stages of Cities in Developing Countries, 474 475 D. Built environment and social space 1) Types of residential buildings Skyscrapers, 465; Public Housing, 490; Gentrification, 491; Suburban Stress, 493 2) Transportation and utility Urban Transportation, 484 489 infrastructure 3) Political organization of urban areas Overlapping Metropolitan Areas, 478; Local government Fragmentation, 479; Annexation, 480 4) Urban planning and design (e.g., Why Are Urban Areas Expanding? 476 489 gated communities, New Urbanism, and smart-growth policies) 5) Census data on urban ethnicity, gender, migration, and socioeconomic status 6) Characteristics and types of edge cities: boomburgs, greenfields, uptowns E. Contemporary urban issues 1) Housing and insurance discrimination, and access to food stores 2) Changing demographic, employment, and social structures 3) Uneven development, zones of abandonment, disamenity, and gentrification Spatial Analysis and the Census, 45; Population Cartogram, 45; Population Distribution, 46; Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States, 230 231; Graphs of Migration, 233; Internal Migration of African Americans, 234 235 Why Are Urban Areas Expanding? 476 489 Consumer Services in CBDs, 462 463; Identifying Food Deserts, 464 Changing Urban Social Geography, 492 493 The Process of Deterioration, 490 13
A Correlation of, 4) Suburban sprawl and urban sustainability problems: land and energy use, cost of expanding public education services, home financing, and debt crises 5) Urban environmental issues: transportation, sanitation, air and water quality, remediation of brownfields, and farmland protection The Cost of Suburban Sprawl, 480-481; Why Do Cities Face Challenges? 490 495 Urban Transportation, 484 489; Changing Urban Physical Geography, 490 491 14