University of Peloponnese From the SelectedWorks of Marios Papaloukas 2013 CAS - The Court of Arbitration for Sport Marios Papaloukas, University of Peloponnese Available at: https://works.bepress.com/sports_law/37/
CAS - The Court of Arbitration for Sport ISBN 978-960-92616-8-5 2013 - M. Papaloukas Editions
CAS The Court of Arbitration for Sport M. Papaloukas Attorney at Law Assistant Professor of Sports Law
Index Preface 11 PART 1 THEORY 13 Chapter 1 The Lack of Political Considerations in the Sports Establishment 15 A. IOC and Policy 17 I. Independent Countries not Recognised by Sports Authorities 17 II. Nations Recognised by Sports Authorities 18 III. Political Considerations or Complete Disregard for them? 20 B. Policy and the European Union 22 I. The Economic Science and Sport 22 II. The Association of Sport with the Law and Sports Law 22 III. Sport and Politics in the European Union 24 IV. The Role of the Institutions and especially the ECJ s 26 V. The Influence of the Common Market Policy in Sports 27 VI. The Influence of the Socio-Cultural Policy in Sport 31 VII. The Reconciliation of the two Policy Coalitions 32 VIII. The prevalence of the Socio-Cultural Policy in the Treaty of Lisbon 34 IX. Conclusion 37 Chapter 2 The Birth of the Court of Arbitration for Sport 39 I. Introduction 41
II. The Creation of CAS 41 III. The ICAS 43 IV. CAS Procedures 45 V. The CAS Mediation Procedure 50 Chapter 3 Sports and the European Perspective 51 A. Sports Specificity 53 I. Introduction 53 II. The Particularities of Sport Law 55 III. The Particularities of the Sport Market 58 IV. Conclusion 61 B. Sporting Exemption 62 I. The first efforts for the adoption of the sporting exemption principle 62 II. The Establishment and Confirmation of the Sporting Exemption 65 III. From the Restriction of the Sporting Interest to the Principle of Proportionality 69 IV. The Principle of Proportionality as a Criterion for the Exemption 70 V. The Contestation and Final Predominance of the Principle of Proportionality 73 VI. Conclusion 74 Chapter 4 The Global Perspective of Sports 79 A. Monopoly in Sports 81 I. The Formation of National Federations 81 II. The Need for a Monopolistic Organization in Sports 82 III. The Meaning of Monopoly in Practice 83 IV. Specificity of the Sports Monopoly 84 V. The Specificity of Sports Stakeholders 86 VI. Conclusion 88 B. Sports (Self) Governance 90
I. The Global Sports Model (IOC-Autonomy) 90 II. The European Sports Model 91 III. Autonomy in Europe through Freedom of Association 93 IV. Autonomy Challenged in the European Union 93 V. Autonomy Challenged by Governments 96 VI. Autonomy in Football 97 VII. Limitations to Sports Autonomy 98 VIII. State and Sports Competence 99 IX. Conclusion 102 C. Global Sports Regime & Lex Sportiva 104 I. Globalization 104 II. Democracy and the Separation of Powers 104 III. The Autonomous Global Sports Regime 105 IV. Nation-States and Sports-States 106 V. Lex Sportiva as a Non-national, Global Sports Law 107 D. Lex Sportiva and Lex Mercatoria 109 I. Rules of Contractual Nature and Rules of Law 109 II. International Law and Global Law 109 III. Lex Mercatoria 110 IV. Lex Mercatoria and the Rule of Law 110 V. Lex Sportiva and the Rule of Law 112 VI. The Supremacy of Sports Rules 114 VII. Lex Sportiva as a Global Sports Legal Order 115 Chapter 5 The Code of Arbitration 119 I. Introduction 121 II. 2013 Code of Arbitration: The ICAS 121 III. 2013 Code of Arbitration: The CAS General Rules 127 IV. 2013 Code of Arbitration: The CAS General Procedural Rules 131 V. 2013 Code of Arbitration: Special Provisions Applicable to the Ordinary Arbitration Procedure 136
VI. 2013 Code of Arbitration: Special Provisions Applicable to the Appeal Arbitration Procedure 146 VII. 2013 Code of Arbitration: Interpretation 154 VIII. 2013 Code of Arbitration: Cost of Arbitration Proceedings 154 IX. 2013 Code of Arbitration: Miscellaneous 157 Chapter 6 Arbitration Clauses 159 I. Ordinary Arbitration Procedure Clause 161 II. Appeal Arbitration Procedure Clause 162 Chapter 7 Arbitration Rules for the Olympic Games 165 Chapter 8 The Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 177 Chapter 9 Switzerland s Federal Code on Private International Law 187 Chapter 10 CAS and the Rule of Precedent 195 I. The Stare Decisis Doctrine 197 II. Reasoning with Previous Awards 198 III. The Strict Liability Rule in Doping Cases 200 IV. Doping Cases 201 V. Ownership of Clubs 202 VI. Lex Mitior 204 VII. Burden of Proof and standard of Proof in Doping Cases 204 VIII. De Novo Hearing 205 IX. Execution of Decisions 205 X. Proportionality in Doping Cases 205 XI. The Form of an Appealable Decision 207 XII. Athlete s Responsibility to be Informed of Doping Regulations 207
XIII. FIFA and Doping 208 XIV. Elements of Decisions 209 XV. Just Cause and Contract Termination 210 Chapter 11 CAS Challenges Before the Swiss Federal Tribunal 213 Introduction 215 A. The CAS s Independence Recognition 216 I. The Gundel Case 216 II. The Lazutina Case 217 B. Grounds for an Appeal before the Swiss Federal Tribunal 218 I. Obligatory Arbitration 219 II. Correct Application of a Rule 221 III. CAS Panel Impartiality and Bias 221 IV. Fair Hearing 225 C. Incompatibility with Public Policy 226 I. The Carvalho Case 228 II. The Matuzalem Case 229 Chapter 12 Principles Used in CAS Awards 231 I. Appealable Decisions 233 II. Appealability of the Rules of the Game 236 III. De Novo Hearing of the Case 239 IV. Applicable Law - Ex Aequo et Bono - Equity 241 V. Fairness 244 VI. Due Process Fair Trial - Right to be Heard 245 VII. Strict liability Culpability 247 VIII. Tempus Regit Actum & Lex Mitior 252 IX. Reformatio in Pejus 253 X. Ne Ultra Petita 254 XI. Equal Treatment - Non Discrimination 254 XII. Principles Governing the Interpretation of Rules 255 XIII. Estoppel 255
XIV. Natural Justice 256 XV. The Public Order 257 XVI. Proportionality 258 PART 2 CASES 261 Chapter 1 CAS 376 Archive Decisions 263 Chapter 2 CAS 101 Recent Decisions 449
Preface If we were to describe a certain contemporary global system with one culture and no social or other kinds of barriers this would be sports. After the Olympic Movement, sports entities started forming autonomous (international and national) sports authorities that operate as sports-states next to nation-states. The sports world, facing no local obstacles, was very quickly internationalized and globalized, perhaps even too quickly. Although the world is a hundred years back from the sports world in terms of globalization, on the other hand the sports world politically speaking is still in the middle ages. The global sports system headquarters are seated in Switzerland and from a legal point of view it operates as a Swiss private entity. This highest authority in sports however, is not a national not even an international entity. It functions at a higher level. It does not need any recognition by national authorities and has no obvious political claims. It is therefore a nonnational, global authority governing local state-like sports entities. This global system is self governing and regulating its own affairs to the best interest of its subjects and it is assisted by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) offering dispute resolution services at international level for sports-related cases. Its rulings generate a new legal order called Lex Sportiva which is separate from any national legal order.