CODEBOOK DOXA S-218 (September 1952)

Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sul Cambiamento Politico Università degli Studi di Siena Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche Giuridiche Politiche e Sociali Piazza S. Francesco 7 I-53100 SIENA CODEBOOK DOXA S-218 (September 1952) FIRST VERSION, March 1999

SURVEY INFORMATIONS SPONSOR: International Institute for Public Opinion, Amsterdam ISSUE: Survey for MSA European Office, Paris (USIA) SAMPLE: Area Sample POPULATION: Adult population (21 years and over) N. CASES: 1505 POLLING INSTITUTE: DOXA SURVEY CODE: S-218 (USIA XX-1) DATE: September 1952 (no day available) SURVEY FILE NAME: DOXAS21SAV ORIGINAL DATA SOURCE: DPLS, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN ORIGINAL DATA CONDITIONS: ASCII RAW DATA FILE, CLEANED, MULTIPLE PUNCHES REMOVED 1

VAR001 NUMSURVEY NUMBER OF SURVEY VAR002 NUMINTERVIEW PROGRESSIVE NUMBER OF INTERVIEW VAR003_A PROBLEM 1 Q. WHICH IS AT PRESENT THE MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM THAT OUR COUNTRY HAS TO FACE? FIRST MENTION 1 1 Unemployment Problem of lodgings, lack of lodgings Peace, danger of war Living standard, prices, wages, economic problem, industrial and commercial problem, cost of living, tax reduction Rearmament, military preparation and expenses Social problem, social provisions, pensions for the old Financial problem, financial stability Migration, overpopulation, increase in population Agriculture, agricultural development, aids to farmers Trieste Other answers, no answer QUALE È, IN QUESTO MOMENTO, IL PIÙ GROSSO PROBLEMA CHE IL NOSTRO PAESE DEVE AFFRONTARE? VAR003_B PROBLEM 2 Q.1 WHICH IS AT PRESENT THE MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM THAT OUR COUNTRY HAS TO FACE? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var003_A VAR003_C PROBLEM 3 Q.1 WHICH IS AT PRESENT THE MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM THAT OUR COUNTRY HAS TO FACE? THIRD MENTION Coding see Var003_A 2

VAR003_D PROBLEM 4 Q.1 WHICH IS AT PRESENT THE MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM THAT OUR COUNTRY HAS TO FACE? FOURTH MENTION Coding see Var003_A VAR004 EUROUNIFICATION Q. ON THE WHOLE, ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OR AGAINST AN EFFORT TO BE MADE TO UNIFY WESTERN EUROPE? In favor Against, no answer IN COMPLESSO, LEI È FAVOREVOLE O CONTRARIO A CHE SI FACCIA UNO SFORZO PER UNIFICARE L EUROPA OCCIDENTALE? VAR005 EUROSCALE Q.2a WOULD YOU PLEASE INDICATE TO WHAT EXTENT YOU ARE IN FAVOUR OR AGAINST A UNION OF WESTERN EUROPE BY POINTING TO ONE OF THE SQUARES ON THIS CARD? (SHOW SCALOMETER) 1 1 1 st white square 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 1 st black square 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th, No answer VORREI CHE LEI MOSTRASSE IN CHE MISURA E FAVOREVOLE O CONTRARIO AD UNA UNIONE DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE CON L INDICARE UNO DEI QUADRATINI DI QUESTO CARTELLINO. (PORGERE SCALOMETRO) 3

VAR006 ITALYEUROGOV Q. WOULD YOU BE IN FAVOUR OF ITALY TAKING PART IN THE GOVERNMENT OF WESTERN EUROPE OR WOULD YOU BE AGAINST? In favor Against, no answer LEI GRADIREBBE CHE L ITALIA FACESSE PARTE DI TALE GOVERNO DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE, O SAREBBE CONTRARIO? VAR007 DETRIMENEUROGOV Q. 3a. (IF IN FAVOUR VAR006) IN THE INTEREST OF THE WHOLE OF WESTERN EUROPE SUCH A GOVERNMENT COULD MAKE DECISIONS WHICH IN SOME CASES WOULD BE TO THE DETRIMENT OF ITALY, IN OTHER CASES TO THE DETRIMENT OF SOME OTHER COUNTRY. BEARING THIS IN MIND, WOULD YOU BE IN FAVOUR OR AGAINST ITALY S PARTICIPATION IN THIS GOVERNMENT? In favor Against No answer (SE FAVOREVOLE VAR006) - NELL INTERESSE DELL INSIEME DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE, QUEL GOVERNO POTREBBE PRENDERE DECISIONI CHE IN QUALCHE CASO DANNEGGEREBBERO L ITALIA, IN QUALCHE CASO DANNEGGEREBBERO INVECE UN ALTRO PAESE. TENUTO CONTO DI CIO, LEI SAREBBE FAVOREVOLE O CONTRARIO ALLA PARTECIPAZIONE DELL ITALIA A TALE GOVERNO? 4

VAR008_A EUROADVANTAGES 1 Q. IN YOUR OPINION, WHICH WOULD BE THE ADVANTAGES FOR ITALY IN THIS GOVERNMENT? FIRST MENTION 1 1 Products and raw materials would circulate more freely; wider markets, international markets, more trade, free exchanges, more imports and exports, great number of exchanges Union is strength; union makes smaller nations stronger; a country by itself is not strong enough. Stronger from a military viewpoint in case of an attack; diminished danger of a war; stronger in case of an attack Improvement of general relations, greater and better cooperation; European countries need one another; better mutual understanding; abolition of frontiers; abolition of reasons for a possible conflict, etc. Italy will draw an economic advantage from it; greater opportunities for exchange etc. Reduction of unemployment, more employment; better manpower distribution; living Standard will rise; economic welfare; raise in wages and salaries; improvement of economic situation Only advantages to be drawn Common front against communism, against Russia No advantage, can t see any Other, no answer QUALI SAREBBERO, SECONDO LEI, PER L ITALIA I VANTAGGI DI UN SIMILE GOVERNO? PRIMA MENZIONE VAR008_B EUROADVANTAGES 2 Q. IN YOUR OPINION, WHICH WOULD BE THE ADVANTAGES FOR ITALY IN THIS GOVERNMENT? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var008_A VAR008_C EUROADVANTAGES 3 Q. IN YOUR OPINION, WHICH WOULD BE THE ADVANTAGES FOR ITALY IN THIS GOVERNMENT? THIRD MENTION Coding see Var008_A VAR008_D EUROADVANTAGES 4 Q. IN YOUR OPINION, WHICH WOULD BE THE ADVANTAGES FOR ITALY IN THIS GOVERNMENT? FOURTH MENTION Coding see Var008_A 5

VAR 009_A EURODISADVANTAGES 1 Q. AND WHICH WOULD BE THE DISAVANTAGES FOR ITALY? FIRST MENTION 1 1 Total or partial loss of our independence, sovereignty and freedom; we do not want masters in our country Damage to trade; detriment of our exports and for our internal market; competition by foreign industries Controversies among member countries; would not get along: reason for greater friction Greater possibilities of a war; danger for peace Big military expenses; militarism will increase Supremacy of more powerful and rich countries, our country would have a position of inferiority; certain countries would dominate the others More taxes; more poverty and unemployment; greater bureaucracy; higher expenses Isolation of Eastern Europe No disadvantages, can t see any Other, no answer E QUALI SAREBBERO PER L ITALIA GLI SVANTAGGI DI UN SIMILE GOVERNO? VAR 009_B EURODISADVANTAGES 2 Q. AND WHICH WOULD BE THE DISAVANTAGES FOR ITALY? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var009_A VAR010 HEARDSCHUMANN Q. HAVE YOU EVER HEARD ABOUT THE SCHUMANN PLAN? Yes No LEI HA MAI SENTITO PARLARE DEL PIANO SCHUMANN? 6

VAR011_A INDUSTRYSCHUMANN 1 Q. 6a. [IF YES VAR010] DO YOU KNOW BY ANY CHANCE WHICH INDUSTRIES THE SCHUMANN PLAN REFERS TO? FIRST MENTION Coal and steel, iron Heavy industries Coal only Steel, iron only No answer NAP LEI SA PER CASO A QUALI INDUSTRIE SI RIFERISCE IL PIANO SCHUMAN? VAR011_B INDUSTRYSCHUMANN 2 Q. 6a. DO YOU KNOW BY ANY CHANCE WHICH INDUSTRIES THE SCHUMANN PLAN REFERS TO? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var011_A VAR012 ITALYSCHUMANN Q. 6b ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OR AGAINST ITALY S PARTICIPATION IN THE SCHUMANN PLAN? In favor Against No answer LEI E FAVOREVOLE O CONTRARIO ALLA PARTECIPAZIONE DELL ITALIA AL PIANO SCHUMANN? 7

VAR013 GERMANYMEMBER Q. 6c DO YOU KNOW WHETHER WEST GERMANY IS A MEMBER OF THE SCHUMANN PLAN? Yes, member Is not a member No answer LEI SA PER CASO SE LA GERMANIA OCCIDENTALE SIA MEMBRO O NO DEL PIANO SCHUMANN? VAR014 SCHUMANNPLAN Q. 7 HERE IS A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SCHUMANN PLAN: THE SCHUMANN PLAN PROVIDES FOR A UNION OF COAL AND STEEL INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE, WEST GERMANY, ITALY, HOLLAND, BELGIUM AND LUXEMBOURG. THE INDUSTRIES OF THESE SIX COUNTRIES ARE UNDER THE CONTROL OF AN INTERNATIONAL BODY FORMED BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COUNTRIES. TAKING INTO ACCOUNT WHAT HAS BEEN SAID, ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OR AGAINST ITALY S PARTICIPATION IN THE SCHUMANN PLAN? In favor Against ECCO QUI UNA BREVE SPIEGAZIONE DEL PIANO SCHUMANN: IL PIANO SCHUMANN PREVEDE LA FUSIONE DELLE INDUSTRIE DELL ACCIAIO E DEL CARBONE DELLA FRANCIA, GERMANIA OCCIDENTALE, ITALIA, OLANDA, BELGIO, LUSSEMBURGO. LE INDUSTRIE DI QUESTI SEI PAESI SONO SOTTO IL CONTROLLO DI UNA DIREZIONE INTERNAZIONALE COMPOSTA DEI RAPPRESENTANTI DI QUEI PAESI. TENUTO CONTO DI CIÒ, LEI È FAVOREVOLE O CONTRARIO ALLA PARTECIPAZIONE DELL ITALIA AL PIANO SCHUMANN? 8

VAR015_A FAVORSCHUMANN Q. 7a FOR WHAT REASON ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF (OR AGAINST) ITALY S PARTICIPATION TO THE SCHUMANN PLAN? FIRST MENTION 1 Reasons of egoism; advantageous for our country; lack raw material; favors our industry s development; we need coal, steel; economic, financial advantages for Italy. Reasons of altruism: advantageous for all member countries; all will profit; better distribution of raw materials; common welfare. Union is strength: European countries will be more independent from the United States and Britain as to raw materials; if united, we shall be able to meet our needs. A step toward a European union: general cooperation; less opportunities for friction and disagreement. Italy will be unable to enjoy the Plan s benefit; try to produce without interferences; Italy would not be free any longer and would be exploited. Because it wants to protect military situations and aims at war. Italy is not prepared enough for this Plan: I do not think it is serious; think it cannot be carried out: in the long run these countries would not get along. We must not separate Eastern Europe from Western Europe by any means. More capitalists would be created. Other answer., no answer. NAP. PER QUALE RAGIONE LEI E FAVOREVOLE (CONTRARIO) ALLA PARTECIPAZIONE DELL ITALIA AL PIANO SCHUMANN? VAR015_B FAVORSCHUMANN Q. 7a FOR WHAT REASON ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF (OR AGAINST) ITALY S PARTICIPATION TO THE SCHUMANN PLAN? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var015_A 9

VAR016_A USDONEFAVOR 1 Q. 8 OF WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE SINCE THE WAR, IS THERE ANYTHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU FAVOURABLY? FIRST MENTION 1 1 Marshall Plan; Marshall aid (and other answers in which Marshall is mentioned). Economic, financial aid; reconstruction aid; ERP, ECA aid; food and clothing, etc. Military aid, rearmament; arms supply to Europe, Italy; military orders. Korea; resistance to Korean attack; aid to South Koreans. Defense; attitude against communism, against Russia and the danger coming from the East. Encouraged cooperation among European countries. Atlantic Pact; NATO; Western Europe army. Defense of Berlin; Berlin air-bridge. Nothing. Other answers, no answer NAP. DELLE COSE CHE L AMERICA HA FATTO DOPO LA GUERRA, QUALCUNA LE HA LASCIATO UN IMPRESSIONE FAVOREVOLE? CHE COSA? VAR016_B USDONEFAVOR 2 Q. 8 OF WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE SINCE THE WAR, IS THERE ANYTHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU FAVOURABLY? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var016_A VAR016_C USDONEFAVOR 3 Q. 8 OF WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE SINCE THE WAR, IS THERE ANYTHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU FAVOURABLY? THIRD MENTION Coding see Var016_A VAR016_D USDONEFAVOR 4 Q. 8 OF WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE SINCE THE WAR, IS THERE ANYTHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU FAVOURABLY? FOURTH MENTION Coding see Var016_A 10

VAR017_A USDONEUNFAVOR 1 Q. 9 OF WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE SINCE THE WAR, IS THERE ANYTHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU UNFAVOURABLY? FIRST MENTION 1 Loss of our independence, freedom; playing the master. Rearmament, militarism, talks too much about war, compels us to rearm. Atomic bomb, danger of another atomic bomb. War in Korea. Not active, firm enough; not enough against Russia and the threat of communism. Capitalism; economic domination; wants to dominate the world from an economic viewpoint; monopoly of world markets; wants to forestall all the commerce. Political domination; interference in political affairs; interference in Western Europe; wants to dominate the world; imperialism; wants to reduce other countries to servitude; wants military bases in France, Britain and Italy America interference; hinders our foreign policy. Cultural domination, influence of Hollywood. Other answers. NAP. DALLE COSE CHE L AMERICA HA FATTO DOPO LA GUERRA, QUALCUNA LE HA LASCIATO UN IMPRESSIONE SFAVOREVOLE? CHE COSA? VAR017_B USDONEUNFAVOR 2 Q. 9 OF WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE SINCE THE WAR, IS THERE ANYTHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU UNFAVOURABLY? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var017_A VAR017_C USDONEUNFAVOR 3 Q. 9 OF WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE SINCE THE WAR, IS THERE ANYTHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU UNFAVOURABLY? THIRD MENTION Coding see Var017_A 11

VAR018 USOVERALL Q. 10 BEARING IN MIND WHAT AMERICA HAS DONE SINCE THE WAR, IS YOUR OVERALL IMPRESSION FAVOURABLE OR UNFAVOURABLE? Rather favorable Rather unfavorable Mixed impressions, No answer TENUTO CONTO DI TUTTO QUANTO L AMERICA HA FATTO DOPO LA GUERRA, LA SUA IMPRESSIONE COMPLESSIVA E PIUTTOSTO FAVOREVOLE O PIUTTOSTO SFAVOREVOLE? VAR019_A USAIMS 1 Q.11 IN YOUR OPINION, WHICH ARE THE AIMS OF THE U.S. INTERNATIONAL POLICY? FIRST MENTION 1 1 Negative aims: wants to dominate the world; imperialism; reducing other countries to servitude; lead all the countries; military bases in France, Britain and Italy. War; aggression. Neither positive nor negative (neutral): defense against communism; destruction of communism; struggle against Russia; annihilate Russia; check Russia s expansion. Defend its interests; do its interests; sell its products; defend position. Positive; save peace; make peace; world peace. Unity; world unity; cooperation among peoples. Freedom for all, for all countries; defense of democracy; diffusion of democracy. Raise living standard; welfare for all. Other neutral or not classifiable answers Other positive answers Other negative answers ; no answer QUALI SONO, SECONDO LEI, GLI SCOPI DELLA POLITICA INTERNAZIONALE DELL AMERICA? VAR019_B USAIMS 2 Q.11 IN YOUR OPINION, WHICH ARE THE AIMS OF THE U.S. INTERNATIONAL POLICY? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var019_A 12

VAR020 USINFLUENCEITALY Q. 12 WHICH IS YOUR OPINION ON AMERICA S INFLUENCE OVER ITALY; AMERICA HAS TOO MUCH INFLUENCE, THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF INFLUENCE OR TOO LITTLE INFLUENCE? Too much Right Too little QUALE E LA SUA OPINIONE SULL INFLUENZA DELL AMERICA IN ITALIA: L AMERICA HA TROPPA INFLUENZA; HA L INFLUENZA CHE E GIUSTO CHE ABBIA; O HA TROPPO POCA INFLUENZA? VAR021_A FIELDINFLUENCE 1 Q. 12a IN WHAT FIELD HAS AMERICA HAD TOO MUCH (OR TOO LITTLE) INFLUENCE? FIRST MENTION 1 In all fields In the military field; rearmament; European army; Western Europe s defense; sending arms Trade, industry, economic field Politics (generally) Foreign policy Wants us to unite against Russia, against the East Influence; cultural domination Other answers ; no answer NAP IN CHE COSA L AMERICA HA TROPPA (O TROPPO POCA) INFLUENZA? IN CHE COSA ANCORA? VAR021_B FIELDINFLUENCE 2 Q. 12a IN WHAT FIELD HAS AMERICA HAD TOO MUCH (OR TOO LITTLE) INFLUENCE? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var021_A 13

VAR021_C FIELDINFLUENCE 3 Q. 12a IN WHAT FIELD HAS AMERICA HAD TOO MUCH (OR TOO LITTLE) INFLUENCE? THIRD MENTION Coding see Var021_A VAR022_A USSRDONEFAVOUR 1 Q. 13 OF WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, HAS ANYTHING IMPRESSED YOU FAVOURABLY? WHAT? FIRST MENTION 1 Nothing Struggle against capitalism; abolition of capitalism Social measures; aid to the workers: raising living standard of her people; example that causes workers to live well. Equality; abolition of social difference. Peace; initiative for peace; works of peace. Moderate attitude in conflict over Berlin; in Korean War. Development of science; cultural development; technical progress. Aid to Palestine. Success in sport. Other answers. NAP DELLE COSE CHE LA RUSSIA HA FATTO DOPO LA GUERRA, QUALCUNA LE HA LASCIATO UN IMPRESSIONE FAVOREVOLE? CHE COSA? VAR022_B USSRDONEFAVOUR 2 Q. 13 OF WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, HAS ANYTHING IMPRESSED YOU FAVOURABLY? WHAT? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var022_A VAR022_C USSRDONEFAVOUR 3 Q. 13 OF WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, HAS ANYTHING IMPRESSED YOU FAVOURABLY? WHAT? THIRD MENTION Coding see Var022_A 14

VAR023_A USSRDONEUNFAVOUR 1 Q. 13a OF WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, IS THERE SOMETHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU UNFAVOURABLY? WHAT? FIRST MENTION 1 1 Lack of individual freedom; concentration camps; persecutions; suppression of religion, of freedom of religion, of churches. Peace sabotage; UN sabotage; foreign policy; cold war Aggression; threaten to peace; rearmament; military preparation Domination over other countries beyond the Iron Curtain, oppresses half Europe; exploitation of satellites. Korea; help to the Koreans Against the admission of Italy to the UN; Trieste. Iron Curtain; impossible to have exact information about countries beyond the Curtain. Provokes disorders, revolutions, strikes in Western Countries No restitution of prisoners of war Claim of war compensation Other answers NAP DELLE COSE CHE LA RUSSIA HA FATTO DOPO LA GUERRA, QUALCUNA LE HA LASCIATO UN IMPRESSIONE SFAVOREVOLE? CHE COSA? VAR023_B USSRDONEUNFAVOUR 2 Q. 13a OF WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, IS THERE SOMETHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU UNFAVOURABLY? WHAT? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var023_A VAR023_C USSRDONEUNFAVOUR 3 Q. 13a OF WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, IS THERE SOMETHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU UNFAVOURABLY? WHAT? THIRD MENTION Coding see Var023_A VAR023_D USSRDONEUNFAVOUR 4 Q. 13a OF WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, IS THERE SOMETHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU UNFAVOURABLY? WHAT? FOURTH MENTION Coding see Var023_A VAR023_E USSRDONEUNFAVOUR 5 15

Q. 13a OF WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, IS THERE SOMETHING THAT IMPRESSED YOU UNFAVOURABLY? WHAT? FIFTH MENTION Coding see Var023_A VAR024 USSRIMPRESSION Q. 13b BEARING IN MIND WHAT RUSSIA HAS DONE SINCE THE END OF THE WAR, IS YOUR OVERALL IMPRESSION RATHER FAVOURABLE OR UNFAVOURABLE? Rather favorable Rather unfavorable Mixed impressions No answer TENUTO CONTO DI TUTTO QUANTO LA RUSSIA HA FATTO DOPO LA GUERRA, LA SUA IMPRESSIONE COMPLESSIVA E PIUTTOSTO FAVOREVOLE O PIUTTOSTO SFAVOREVOLE? VAR025_A USSRAIMS 1 Q. 14 WICH ARE IN YOUR OPINION THE AIMS OF RUSSIA S INTERNATIONAL POLICY? FIRST MENTION 1 1 Negative aims: wants to dominate the world, imperialism; wants to submit other countries (in Europe, in Asia); expansionism; invade other countries; conquer new positions. Economic domination; economic imperialism. War, aggression. Dictatorship, everywhere. Neither positive nor negative: world revolution; spread communism; make communism triumph; ideological expansion. Struggle against capitalism; abolition of capitalism; struggle against America. Positive; peace Equality: equality for all; raise working classes living standard. Thinks only about her own interests. Other negative answers Other neutral answers Other positive answers Don t know; no answer; NAP QUALI SONO, SECONDO LEI, GLI SCOPI DELLA POLITICA INTERNAZIONALE DELLA RUSSIA? VAR025_B USSRAIMS 2 16

Q. 14 WICH ARE IN YOUR OPINION THE AIMS OF RUSSIA S INTERNATIONAL POLICY? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var025_B VAR026 WARWORRY Q.15 ARE YOU PERSONALLY WORRIED ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF A WAR BREAKING OUT OR NOT? Very worried Rather worried Just a little No, I don t worry No answer LEI PERSONALMENTE E PREOCCUPATO PER L EVENTUALITA CHE SCOPPI LA GUERRA, O NO? VAR027 EASTWESTCONFLICT Q.1 WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN EAST AND WEST? IS IT A CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND AMERICA ONLY, OR DOES IT CONCERN US TOO? Between Russia and America only Concern us too No answer CHE COSA PENSA DEL DISACCORDO FRA L ORIENTE E L OCCIDENTE? E UN CONFLITTO FRA L AMERICA E LA RUSSIA SOLTANTO, O E QUALCOSA CHE RIGUARDA ANCHE NOI? 17

VAR028 ITALYSIDED Q.1 DO YOU THINK THAT THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT HAS ALREADY SIDED WITH THE WEST OR HAS NOT YET OPENLY SIDED ONE PARTY OR THE OTHER? 1 Already sided the West Not yet sided either No answer LE SEMBRA CHE IL GOVERNO ITALIANO SI SIA GIA MESSO DALLA PARTE DELL OCCIDENTE O CHE NON ABBIA ANCORA PRESO LE PARTI DELL UNO O DELL ALTRO? VAR029 ITALYSUPPORT Q.18 DO YOU PERSONALLY BELIEVE THAT ITALY AT THIS MOMENT SHOULD SUPPORT THE WEST, OR EAST, OR SHOULD NOT SUPPORT EITHER? West East Neither LEI PERSONALMENTE RITIENE CHE L ITALIA DEBBA IN QUESTO MOMENTO METTERSI DALLA PARTE DELL OCCIDENTE, O DALLA PARTE DELL ORIENTE, O CHE DEBBA ASTENERSI DAL PRENDERE LE PARTI DELL UNO O DELL ALTRO? VAR030 SIDEWAR Q.19 IF THERE SHOULD BE A WAR BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES, DO YOU THINK THAT ITALY SHOULD SUPPORT ONE OR THE OTHER COUNTRY, OR NEITHER? WICH ONE SHOULD SHE SUPPORT? Russia United States Neither E SE SI DOVESSE ARRIVARE AD UNA GUERRA FRA LA RUSSIA E GLI STATI UNITI, CREDE CHE L ITALIA DOVREBBE PARTEGGIARE PER L UNO O PER L ALTRO PAESE, O PER NESSUNO? DA CHE PARTE DOVREBBE METTERSI? VAR031 RESPONSIBILITY 18

Q.20 WHO IS MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRESENT DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES? RUSSIA OR THE UNITED STATES? 1 1 Russia United States Both ; No answer CHI È MAGGIORMENTE RESPONSABILE DELL ATTUALE DISACCORDO FRA LA RUSSIA E GLI STATI UNITI; LA RUSSIA O GLI STATI UNITI? VAR032 ARMFORCONSOLID Q.21 ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF OR AGAINST ITALY S CONSOLIDATING HER HARMED FORCES NOW? In favor Against LEI È FAVOREVOLE O CONTRARIO A CHE L ITALIA CONSOLIDI IN QUESTO MOMENTO LE SUE FORZE ARMATE? VAR033 HOWMUCHEFFORT Q.22 [IF IN FAVOR Q.21] DO YOU THINK THAT ITALY AT PRESENT IS MAKING TOO MUCH, TOO LITTLE OR THE RIGHT EFFORT TO CONSOLIDATE HER ARMED FORCES? Too much Too little Right No answer (SE FAVOREVOLE Q.21) LEI RITIENE CHE IN QUESTO MOMENTO L ITALIA STIA FACENDO TROPPO, TROPPO POCO O QUANTO È GIUSTO PER CONSOLIDARE LE SUE FORZE ARMATE? 19

VAR034_A TRUSTBELGIUM Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <BELGIUM> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DEL <BELGIO>, COME ALLEATO? VAR034_B TRUSTBRITAIN Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <BRITAIN> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DELL <INGHILTERRA>, COME ALLEATO? VAR034_C TRUSTFRANCE Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <FRANCE> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DELLA <FRANCIA>, COME ALLEATO? 20

VAR034_D TRUSTWESTGERMANY Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <WESTGERMANY> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DELLA <GERMANIA OCCIDENTALE>, COME ALLEATO? VAR034_E TRUSTNETHERLANDS Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <THE NETHERLANDS> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DELLA <OLANDA>, COME ALLEATO? VAR034_F TRUSTLUXEMBOURG Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <LUXEMBOURG> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DEL <LUSSEMBURGO>, COME ALLEATO? 21

VAR034_G TRUSTYUGOSLAVIA Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <YUGOSLAVIA> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DELLA <JUGOSLAVIA>, COME ALLEATO? VAR034_H TRUSTYUSA Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <UNITED STATES> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DEGLI <STATI UNITI>, COME ALLEATO? VAR034_I TRUSTYSPAIN Q.23 IN CASE OF WAR, TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD TRUST <SPAIN> AS AN ALLY? Very Much Up to a certain extent In no way IN CASO DI GUERRA, IN QUALE MISURA CREDE CHE POTREMMO FIDARCI DELLA <SPAGNA>, COME ALLEATO? 22

VAR035 REARMAMENT Q.24 DO YOU HAVE THE IMPRESSION THAT WESTERN EUROPE IS RE-ARMING MORE RAPIDLY, MORE SLOWLY OR AT THE EXPECTED RATE? More rapidly More slowly Expected rate LEI HA L IMPRESSIONE CHE L EUROPA OCCIDENTALE STIA RIARMANDO PIÙ RAPIDAMENTE DI QUANTO PREVISTO, PIÙ LENTAMENTE, O PRESSO A POCO SECONDO I PROGRAMMI? VAR036_A REASONARMY 1 Q.24a WHAT IS THE REASON WHY EUROPE IS RE-ARMING AT A SLOWER RATE THAN PLANNED? FIRST MENTION 1 Lack of money; financial difficulties; economic d. Luck of unity, disagreement among Western European countries; disagreement between W. Europe and America Much is said, little done; very slow. Bad organization; organizational work is not carried out properly. Korean War slows down Western Europe s armament. Too ambitious plans; impossible to carry out. Lack of raw material (steel, etc.). Internal sabotage; boycott from communist fifth column; strikes, people against American policy. Danger of another war is not imminent; no urgency for rearmament. Other answers NAP QUALE È LA RAGIONE, SECONDO LEI, PER CUI L EUROPA OCCIDENTALE RIARMA PIÙ LENTAMENTE DEL PREVISTO? VAR036_B REASONARMY 2 Q.24a WHAT IS THE REASON WHY EUROPE IS RE-ARMING AT A SLOWER RATE THAN PLANNED? SECOND MENTION Coding see Var036_A VAR037 HEARDEUROARMY 23

Q.25 HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT PLANS FOR THE CREATION OF A WESTERN EUROPEAN COMMON ARMY? Yes No LEI HA SENTITO DEI PIANI PER LA CREAZIONE DI UN ESERCITO COMUNE DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE? VAR038 ITALYEUROARMY Q.26 ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF OR AGAINST ITALY S PARTICIPATION IN A WESTERN EUROPEAN COMMON ARMY? In favor Against LEI È A FAVORE O CONTRO LA PARTECIPAZIONE DELL ITALIA AD UN ESERCITO COMUNE DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE? VAR039 BESTSECURITY Q.27 IN YOUR OPINION, WICH IS THE BEST WAY TO STRENGTHEN WESTERN EUROPE S DEFENSE? THAT EACH COUNTRY SHOULD STRENGTHEN, ITS ARMED FORCES, OR THAT A WESTERN EUROPEAN COMMON ARMY BE CREATED? Own army Western European army Both No answer SECONDO LEI, QUALE È IL MODO MIGLIORE DI RAFFORZARE LA DIFESA DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE: CHE OGNI PAESE RAFFORZI IL SUO ESERCITO, O CHE SIA COSTITUITO UN ESERCITO COMUNE DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE? 24

VAR040 GERMANEUROARMY Q.28 DO YOU KNOW WHETHER WEST GERMANY IS PLANNED TO TAKE PART IN THE WESTERN EUROPEAN ARMY? Yes, is planned No LEI SA PER CASO SE È PREVISTO CHE LA GERMANIA OCCIDENTALE ENTRI A FAR PARTE DELL ESERCITO DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE? VAR041 BRITAINEUROARMY Q.29 IS BRITAIN SUPPOSED TO TAKE PART IN THE W. EUROPEAN ARMY? Yes No ED È PREVISTO CHE L INGHILTERRA FACCIA PARTE DELL ESERCITO DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE? VAR042 EUROARMY Q.30 HERE IS A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ARMY OF WESTERN EUROPE: WEST GERMANY, FRANCE, ITALY, NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM AND LUXEMBOURG WILL TAKE PART IN IT. THE SOLDIERS FROM THESE COUNTRIES WILL WEAR THE SAME UNIFORM AND WILL SERVE IN THEIR NATIONAL DIVISIONS UNDER A SUPREME INTERNATIONAL COMMAND. ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OR AGAINST ITALY TAKING PART IN THIS ARMY? In favor Against ECCO UNA BREVE DESCRIZIONE DI UN ESERCITO DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE. VI PARTECIPERANNO: GERMANIA OCC., FRANCIA, ITALIA, OLANDA, BELGIO, LUSSEMBURGO. I SOLDATI DEI PAESI SUINDICATI PORTERANNO LA STESSA UNIFORME O PRESTERANNO SERVIZIO NELLE PROPRIE DIVISIONI NAZIONALI, CON UN COMANDO SUPREMO INTERNAZIONALE. LEI È FAVOREVOLE O CONTRARIO A CHE L ITALIA FACCIA PARTE DI TALE ESERCITO? 25

VAR043_1 WHYFAVOR 1 Q. 30a WHY ARE YOU IN FAVOUR ITALY S PARTICIPATION? FIRST MENTION 1 Union is strength; by uniting we grow stronger. Reduces the danger of a war, of an attack, of an aggression. We shall be able to resist only in case of an attack and by stronger in case of aggression; a big common army is better; a united front is better than many smaller fronts. Is a step toward European union; cooperation is a good thing; if one supports a European union, one must also support a European army. Economic, financial advantages Other answers ; no answer NAP PERCHÉ È FAVOREVOLE ALLA PARTECIPAZIONE DELL ITALIA? VAR043_2 WHYFAVOR 2 Q. 30a WHY ARE YOU IN FAVOUR ITALY S PARTICIPATION? SECOND MENTION Coding See Var043_2 VAR043_A_1 WHYUNFAVOR 1 Q. 30a WHY ARE YOU AGAINST ITALY S PARTICIPATION? FIRST MENTION 1 Loss of independence; each country should have its own army; better to have Italian generals. Increases the danger of a war; is a provocation. I am against rearmament; I am anti-militarist; against all armies; against war. The common army is an impossible thing and cannot work; too much disagreement, inequality; lack of unity. West Germany will take part in it, therefore I am against; we cannot trust Germans. Other answers ; no answer NAP PERCHÉ È CONTRARIO ALLA PARTECIPAZIONE DELL ITALIA? VAR043_A_2 WHYUNFAVOR 2 Q. 30a WHY ARE YOU AGAINST ITALY S PARTICIPATION? SECOND MENTION Coding See Var043_A2 VAR044 USDOING 26

Q.31 ON THE WHOLE ARE YOU PLEASED OR NOT ABOUT WHAT AMERICA IS DOING IN CONNECTION WITH WESTERN EUROPE S REARMAMENT? Pleased Not pleased Neither pleased nor displeased IN COMPLESSO LEI È CONTENTO O MALCONTENTO DI QUELLO CHE L AMERICA FA NEI RIGUARDI DEL RIARMO DELL EUROPA OCCIDENTALE? VAR045_1 WHYPLEASE 1 Q. 31a WHY ARE YOU PLEASED? FIRST MENTION 1 Helps us financially. Gives us arms, materials, etc. America will fight with us, will help us. Other answers NAP PERCHÉ È CONTENTO? VAR045_2 WHYPLEASE 2 Q. 31a WHY ARE YOU PLEASED? SECOND MENTION Coding See Var043_A2 27

VAR045_A1 WHYDISPLEASE 1 Q. 31a WHY ARE YOU DISPLEASED? FIRST MENTION 1 Insufficient supply of arms, materials. Insufficient supply of arms, materials. We have too strong military expenses; will have to pay ourselves. Our soldiers will have to defend America; we shall have to fight for America. Increases the danger of another war. Other answers. Don t know, no answer NAP PERCHÉ È MALCONTENTO? VAR045_A2 WHYDISPLEASE 2 Q. 31a WHY ARE YOU DISPLEASED? SECOND MENTION Coding See Var045_A2 VAR046 USNOTPLEASE Q.32 IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT WOULD AMERICA DO IF SHE WERE DISPLEASED WITH WESTERN EUROPE S EFFORTS TO REARM; WOULD SHE REDUCE MILITARY AID TO EUROPE, WOULD SHE INCREASE OR KEEP IT AT THE PRESENT LEVEL? Reduce Increase Keep them at the present level SECONDO LEI, CHE COSA FAREBBE L AMERICA SE FOSSE MALCONTENTA DEGLI SFORZI CHE FA L EUROPA OCCIDENTALE PER RIARMARSI: RIDURREBBE GLI AIUTI MILITARI ALL EUROPA, LI AUMENTEREBBE, O LI MANTERREBBE AL LIVELLO ATTUALE? 28

VAR047 WHYNOTPLEASE Q. 32a WHY DO YOU THINK THAT AMERICA [WOULD REDUCE INCREASE KEEP AT THE SAME LEVEL]? 1 In her own interest; fears that otherwise European countries would cease to cooperate; there is no other alternative for America; America must do it, willing or unwilling; otherwise all efforts and expenses would be wasted. If the present level is not sufficient, the US will have to increase it, or at the least keep it the same; it is reasonably so. Those who do not want to cooperate cannot be helped; so this will be America s attitude. America may also do otherwise; America has also other alternatives; can also abstain from helping W. Europe. America is rich, with plenty of money; America spends a great deal of money. Distrust toward us, European countries. Other answers PERCHÉ CREDE CHE L AMERICA [DIMINUIREBBE AUMENTEREBBE MANTERREBBE GLI AIUTI AL LIVELLO ATTUALE]? VAR048 STANDLIVING Q.33 DO YOU THINK THAT THE CARRYING OUT OF THE PRESENT PLAN FOR ITALY S REARMAMENT WILL RAISE OR LOWER YOUR STANDARD OF LIVING, OR DO YOU THINK THERE WILL BE NO CHANGE IN YOUR LIFE? Raise Lower No change LEI PENSA CHE IL COMPLETAMENTO DELL ATTUALE PIANO DI RIARMO DELL ITALIA FARÀ AUMENTARE O DIMINUIRE IL SUO TENORE DI VITA, O CREDE CHE NON CI SARÀ ALCUN CAMBIAMENTO PER LEI? 29

VAR049 WELFAREWARFARE Q. 34 IF BOTH THINGS ARE NOT POSSIBLE, WHAT DO YOU THINK IS MORE ADVISABLE FOR ITALY AT THIS MOMENT; TO REARM ACCORDING TO PLANS, OR RAISE LIVING STANDARDS? Rearm Raise living standards SE ENTRAMBE LE COSE NON SONO POSSIBILI, COSA LE PARE CHE SIA MEGLIO IN QUESTO MOMENTO IN ITALIA: RIARMARE SECONDO I PROGRAMMI, O ELEVARE IL TENORE DI VITA? VAR050 RUSSIATTACK Q. 35 SHOULD RUSSIA ATTACK WEST GERMANY, DO YOU THINK THAT ITALY SHOULD TAKE PART IN THE STRUGGLE TOGETHER WITH OTHER COUNTRIES, ON GERMANY S SIDE, OR KEEP OUT OF THE CONFLICT? 1 Take part Keep aside No answer SE LA RUSSIA ATTACCASSE LA GERMANIA OCCIDENTALE, CREDE LEI, CHE L ITALIA DOVREBBE PARTECIPARE INSIEME AD ALTRI PAESI ALLA LOTTA, A FIANCO DELLA GERMANIA, O TENERSI FUORI DAL CONFLITTO? VAR051 ITALYATTACKED Q. 36 SHOULD ITALY, WITHIN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS, BE IN WAR AGAINST RUSSIA, DO YOU THINK THAT WESTERN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES WOULD SUCCEED IN PREVENTING ITALY S OCCUPATION OR NOT? Yes, would succeed No, would not SE L ITALIA, ENTRO I PROSSIMI 12 MESI, SI TROVASSE IN GUERRA CON LA RUSSIA, CREDE CHE L EUROPA OCCIDENTALE E L AMERICA RIUSCIREBBERO AD IMPEDIRE L OCCUPAZIONE DELL ITALIA, O NO? VAR052_A ITALYFIGHT 1 30

Q. 37 SHOULD RUSSIA TRY TO INVADE ITALY, WHAT DO YOU THINK WOULD BE BETTER FOR OUR COUNTRY; FIGHT OR DO SOMETHING ELSE? WHAT? FIRST MENTION 1 Fight; partisan war; guerrilla, sabotage Something else Don t know; no answer Capitulate: surrender Remain neutral; let Russia invade our country; do nothing Negotiate; try to come to an agreement: armistice Prevent bloodshed Would be too strong; we could not resist; unequal struggle; we could do nothing Other answer NAP SE LA RUSSIA TENTASSE DI INVADERE L ITALIA, CHE COSA CREDE CHE SAREBBE MEGLIO PER IL NOSTRO PAESE: COMBATTERE O FARE QUALCHE ALTRA COSA? CHE COSA? VAR052_B ITALYFIGHT 2 Q. 37 SHOULD RUSSIA TRY TO INVADE ITALY, WHAT DO YOU THINK WOULD BE BETTER FOR OUR COUNTRY; FIGHT OR DO SOMETHING ELSE? WHAT? SECOND MENTION Coding See Var052_B VAR053 COMMUNISMETER Q. 38 COULD YOU SHOW ME WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT COMMUNISM, BY INDICATING ONE OF THE 10 SQUARES ON THIS CARD (SCALEMETER)? 1 1 1 st white square 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 1 st black square 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th Don t know; no answer POTREBBE MOSTRARMI CHE COSA PENSA DEL COMUNISMO, CON L INDICARE UNO DEI 10 QUADRATINI DI QUESTO CARTELLINO (SCALOMETRO)? 31

VAR054 COMMUNISMATTACK Q.39 IF ITALY WERE FIGHTING AGAINST RUSSIA, WHAT DO YOU THINK THE MAJORITY OF ITALIAN COMMUNISTS WOULD DO; TRY TO HELP RUSSIA, OR CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEFENSE OF OUR COUNTRY? Help Russia Contribute to the defense of our country Help neither SE L ITALIA SI TROVASSE IN GUERRA CON LA RUSSIA, CHE COSA CREDE CHE FAREBBE LA MAGGIOR PARTE DEI COMUNISTI ITALIANI: TENTEREBBERO DI AIUTARE LA RUSSIA, O CONTRIBUIREBBERO ALLA DIFESA DEL NOSTRO PAESE? DEMOGRAPHIC DATA VAR055 SEX Male Female VAR056 AGE IN CLASSES 21-29 30-44 45-64 65 and more VAR057 SIZECOMMUNES Up to 2,000 inhabitants 2,000-5,000 5,000-20,000 20,000-100,000 100,000-250,000 More than 250,000 VAR058 INTERVIEWEEPROFESSION 32

The interviewee s Of the person supporting the family (if the interviewee has no occupation) VAR059 PROFESSION 1 Farmer Agricultural labourer Manager, professional, public officer of high rank Shop-keeper, owner of a shop Manual independent worker (artisan) Manual dependent worker (worker) Clerk (including police) Unemployed looking for a job Retired Other profession VAR060_A SPENDSUNDAY 1 Q. 40 HOW DO YOU USUALLY SPEND SUNDAY MORNINGS? FIRST MENTION 1 Mass Housework Work, read, do the accounts, study Go strolling with friends Rest, sleep Stay at home Fishing, hunting Personal toilet Excursion, trip Other answers ; no answer NAP COME IMPIEGA GENERALMENTE LA MATTINA DELLA DOMENICA? VAR060_B SPENDSUNDAY 2 Q. 40 HOW DO YOU USUALLY SPEND SUNDAY MORNINGS? SECOND MENTION 33

Coding See Var052_A VAR060_C SPENDSUNDAY 3 Q. 40 HOW DO YOU USUALLY SPEND SUNDAY MORNINGS? THIRD MENTION Coding See Var052_A VAR061 RELIGION Roman Catholic Protestant Other None No answer VAR062 SCHOOLING No school, elementary school Lower secondary Higher secondary University 34

VAR063 PARTYPREF Q. 41 AMONG THE VARIOUS POLITICAL PARTIES, WICH IS THE BEST ONE FOR PEOPLE LIKE YOURSELF? 1 1 Communist Party (PCI) Socialist Party (PSI) Socialist Democratic (PSDI): Republican (PRI) Christian Democratic (DC) Liberal Party (PLI) National Monarchic (PNM) Social Movement (neo-fascist, MSI) Socialism None Refuse to answer Other answers FRA I VARI PARTITI POLITICI, QUALE È IL MIGLIORE PER GENTE COME LEI? VAR064 TRADEUNIONMEMBERSHIP Q.42 ARE YOU A MEMBER OF SOME TRADE-UNION? Yes No VAR065 WHICHTRADEUNION CGIL CISL Other NAP 35

VAR066 SES Upper class Upper middle-class Middle Lower VAR067 GEOGRAPHICDIVISION BROAD GEOGRAPHICAL SUBDIVISIONS North Center South Islands VAR068 IDNUMBER 36