Figure 1.1 In many developing regions, girls are more likely than boys to miss out on a secondary education 100 Gross secondary school enrolment ratio, 00 05* Male Female 60 Net secondary school attendance ratio, 1996 05* Per cent 60 Per cent 50 30 10 0 Eastern Southern West Central Middle East North South Asia East Asia Pacific Latin America Caribbean CEE/CIS 0 Eastern Southern West Central Middle East North South Asia East Asia Pacific** Latin America Caribbean Notes: Gross secondary enrolment ratio refers to the number of children enrolled in secondary school, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official secondary school age. Net secondary school attendance ratio refers to the number of children attending secondary school who are of official secondary school age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official secondary school age. These data come from national household surveys. * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. ** Excludes China. Sources: Gross secondary enrolment ratio: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. Net secondary school attendance ratio: Demographic Health Surveys Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The underlying data can be found in the Statistical Tables of this report, page 98.
Figure 1.2 Men s discriminatory attitudes towards women vary across regions but are significant everywhere Per cent 100 60 Proportion of male respondents who: Agree or strongly agree that men make better political leaders than women do Agree or strongly agree that when jobs are scarce men should have more right to a job than a woman Agree or strongly agree that university is more important for a boy than a girl 0 7 countries in Middle East North 3 countries in South Asia 4 countries in sub-saharan 6 countries in East Asia Pacific 22 countries in transition 5 countries in Latin America Caribbean 19 industrialized countries UNICEF calculations are based on data derived from the World Values Survey, Round 4 (1999 04). Data for each country territory in the regional aggregates are for the latest year available in the period specified. The following countries territories are included in the regional aggregates cited: Middle East North : Algeria, Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia. Latin America Caribbean: Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Mexico, Peru. South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan. East Asia Pacific: China, Indonesia, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Viet Nam. Sub-Saharan : Nigeria, South, Uga, United Republic of Tanzania. Countries in transition: Albania, Belarus, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Pol, Romania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey. Industrialized countries: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finl, France, Greece, Icel, Irel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherls, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. Notes on the methodology employed can be found in the References section, page 88. Source: World Values Survey, <www.worldvaluessurvey.org>, accessed June 06.
Figure 1.3 In sub-saharan, young women are more vulnerable to HIV infection but have less comprehensive knowledge about HIV than young men Young people (aged 15 24) in selected countries in sub-saharan who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV, 1999 05* Female Male Note: Countries selected on the basis of data availability for HIV prevalence comprehensive knowledge of HIV for both male female young people. * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. Sources: Demographic Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, Behavioural Surveillance Surveys, Reproductive Health Surveys, HIV/AIDS Survey Indicators Database. The underlying data can be found in the Statistical Tables of this report, page 98. Zambia Uga Tanzania, United Rep. of Rwa Nigeria Namibia Mozambique Mali Malawi Madagascar Lesotho Kenya Ghana Gabon Congo Chad Cameroon Burkina Faso Botswana Benin 0 10 30 50 60 Per cent HIV prevalence among young people (aged 15 24) in selected countries in sub-saharan, 05 Female Male Note: Countries selected on the basis of data availability for HIV prevalence comprehensive knowledge of HIV for both male female young people. Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 06 Report on the global AIDS epidemic, UNAIDS, Geneva, 06. The underlying data can be found in the Statistical Tables of this report, page 98. Zambia Uga Tanzania, United Rep. of Rwa Nigeria Namibia Mozambique Mali Malawi Madagascar Lesotho Kenya Ghana Gabon Congo Chad Cameroon Burkina Faso Botswana Benin 0 5 10 15 Per cent
Figure 1.4 More than 1 out of every 4 births to an adolescent mother (aged 15 19) occurs in the least developed countries Global births by mothers aged 15 19, 00 05 Global population of female adolescents, aged 15 19, 05 28% 1% 6% 12% 14% 65% More developed regions Less developed regions excluding the least developed countries 12% Least developed countries 62% China Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 04 Revision Database, <www.esa.un.org/unpp/>, accessed September 06. Note: The country composition of each regional group can be found in References, page 88.
Figure 1.5 High rates of maternal death are associated with limited access to health-care services for expectant mothers Health-care services for expectant mothers, 1997 05* 100 Antenatal care coverage Skilled attendant at delivery Per cent 60 0 Eastern Southern West Central Middle East North South Asia East Asia Pacific Latin America Caribbean CEE/ CIS Industrialized countries Note: Antenatal care coverage refers to the percentage of women aged 15 24 attended at least once during pregnancy by a skilled attendant (doctor, nurse or midwife). Data on antenatal care coverage are not available for industrialized countries. Skilled attendant at delivery refers to the percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses or midwives). * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. Sources: Demographic Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, World Health Organization UNICEF. The underlying data can be found in the Statistical Tables of this report, page 98. Lifetime risk of maternal death, 00 Eastern Southern West Central South Asia Middle East North Latin America Caribbean East Asia Pacific 1 in: 15 16 43 100 160 360 CEE/CIS 770 Industrialized countries 4,000 Note: The lifetime risk of maternal death takes into account both the probability of becoming pregnant the probability of dying as a result of that pregnancy, accumulated across a women's reproductive years. Source: World Health Organization UNICEF. The underlying data can be found in the Statistical Tables of this report, page 98.
Figure 2.1 Many husbs are making the decisions alone on their wife s health Percentage of women who say their husbs alone make the decisions regarding their health, 00-04* 0 10 30 50 60 70 Sub-Saharan Burkina Faso Mali Nigeria Malawi 74.9 74.1 73.4 70.6 Benin 60.8 Cameroon 57.6 Rwa Zambia 47.5 46.5 Kenya 42.9 Tanzania (United Rep. of) Uga Ghana 38.5 37.6 34.9 Mozambique Zimbabwe 32.1 31.8 Madagascar Eritrea 12.4 9.3 East Asia Pacific Indonesia Philippines 4.9 12.7 CEE/CIS Armenia Turkmenistan 9.3.2 Latin America Caribbean Haiti Peru Nicaragua Bolivia Colombia 11.3 10.4 8.5 15.7 21.3 South Asia Nepal Bangladesh 51 48.1 Middle East North Egypt Morocco Jordan 11.7 33.1 41.1 *Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. All countries with available data are presented in the chart. Source: UNICEF calculations based on the data derived from Demographic Health Surveys. The data were accessed from the DHS Statcompiler in June 06. Notes on the methodology employed can be found in the References section, page 88.
Figure 2.2 Many husbs are making the decisions alone on daily household expenditure Sub-Saharan Malawi Nigeria Mali Burkina Faso Uga Tanzania (United Rep. of) Rwa Cameroon Kenya Mozambique Benin Ghana Eritrea Zimbabwe Madagascar Percentage of women who say their husbs alone make the decisions on daily household expenditure, 00-04* 0 10 30 50 60 70 5.8 16.2 27 32.8 31.8 35.3 39 37.3 43.1 45.9 52.5 55.9 65.7 64.5 63.4 East Asia Pacific Philippines Indonesia 2.4 9 CEE/CIS Armenia Turkmenistan 10.9 18 Latin America Caribbean Colombia Peru Haiti Bolivia 6.7 13.7 10.8 10 South Asia Bangladesh Nepal 30.3 34.2 Middle East North Morocco Jordan Egypt 24.3 34.4 31.2 *Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. All countries with available data are presented in the chart. Source: UNICEF calculations based on the data derived from Demographic Health Surveys. The data were accessed from the DHS Statcompiler in June 06. Notes on the methodology employed can be found in the References section, page 88.
Figure 2.3 Many husbs are making the decisions alone on visits to friends relatives Sub-Saharan Percentage of women who say their husbs alone make the decisions regarding visits to friends relatives, 00-04* Mali Burkina Faso Nigeria Zambia Tanzania (United Rep. of) Benin Cameroon Uga Kenya Malawi Ghana Mozambique Rwa Zimbabwe Eritrea Madagascar 0 10 30 50 60 70 9.2.8 19.8 29.2 32.1 33.7 36.2 39.4 41.7 45 43.8 47.3 56.1 61.6 61.5 59.7 East Asia Pacific Indonesia Philippines 10 10.8 CEE/CIS Armenia Turkmenistan 10.4 16.2 Latin America Caribbean Nicaragua Peru Bolivia Colombia Haiti 7 8.7 12.5 12.4 18.4 South Asia Bangladesh Nepal 33.7 35.9 Middle East North Morocco Egypt Jordan 16.8 25.8 28.8 *Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. All countries with available data are presented in the chart. Source: UNICEF calculations based on the data derived from Demographic Health Surveys. The data were accessed from the DHS Statcompiler in June 06. Notes on the methodology employed can be found in the References section, page 88.
Figure 2.4 Underweight prevalence among children under five in the developing regions* Middle East North, 8 million Latin America Caribbean, 4 million CEE/CIS, 1 million Eastern Southern, 16 million West Central, 17 million South Asia, 78 million East Asia Pacific, 22 million *UNICEF analysis is based on estimates of underweight prevalence in developing countries (1996-05). Source: United Nations Children s Fund, Progress for Children: A report card on nutrition, Number 4, UNICEF, New York, May 06, page 2.
Figure 2.5 Despite recent improvements, women s literacy rates are generally lower than men s Least developed countries Developing countries CEE/CIS Latin America Caribbean East Asia Pacific South Asia 64 71 85 92 97 99 Middle East North 77 West Central Eastern Southern 63 85 0 60 100 Adult literacy rate: females as a percentage of males, 00-04* Notes: Adult literacy rate refers to the percentage of persons aged 15 over who can read write. * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. The underlying data can be found in the Statistical Tables of this report, page 98.
Figure 3.1 Women are working longer hours than men across the developing world * How much longer do women work than men each day? Benin (1998) Mexico (02) India (00) South (00) Rep. of Korea (1999) Madagascar (01) Mongolia (00) Mauritius (03) 2 hours 25 minutes more 1 hour 45 minutes more 1 hour 6 minutes more 59 minutes more 58 minutes more 51 minutes more 44 minutes more 24 minutes more Average for 8 1 hour 9 minutes more developing countries 0 2 4 6 8 10 Number of hours worked each day Number of hours worked each day by both women men Additional number of hours a day women work *It is important to note that the data represent averages across each country that reflect high levels of underemployment. In some settings, women are working more than 12 hours a day. Source: UNICEF calculations based on data derived from United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 06, Beyond Scarcity: Power, poverty the global water crisis, Oxford University Press for UNDP, New York, 06, page 379.
Figure 3.2 Nominal wages for women are significantly lower than for men * 4 countries in the Middle East North 6 countries in East Asia Pacific 22 industrialized countries 81 10 countries in transition 76 8 countries in Latin America Caribbean 73 4 countries in sub-saharan 70 0 60 100 Proportion of women s wages to men s wages outside of agriculture * UNICEF calculations for Developing countries include countries territories in the following regional groups. Middle East North : Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Occupied Palestinian Territory. East Asia Pacific: Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thail. Countries in transition: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine. Latin America Caribbean: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru. Sub-Saharan : Botswana, Eritrea, Kenya, Swazil. Industrialized countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finl, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Icel, Irel, Japan, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherls, New Zeal, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerl, United Kingdom. Source: International Labour Organization, LABORSTA database, <http://laborsta.ilo.org>, accessed March 06.
Figure 3.3 Estimated earnings * for women are substantially lower than for men Estimated earnings each year, measured in thouss of US dollars at 03 prices adjusted for purchasing power parity 35 30 25 15 10 5 0 57% of men s earnings Industrialized countries 59% of men s earnings CEE/CIS % of men s earnings Latin America Caribbean 62% of men s earnings East Asia Pacific 28% of men s earnings Middle East North Women s estimated earned income Men s estimated earned income 39% of men s earnings South Asia 51% of men s earnings Sub-Saharan *Estimated earnings are defined as gross domestic product per capita (measured in US dollars at 03 prices adjusted for purchasing power parity) adjusted for wage disparities between men women. Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 05: International cooperation at a cross roads: Aid, trade security in an unequal world, Oxford University Press for UNDP, New York, 05, Table 25, pages 299-302.
Figure 3.4 Significant male-female gaps in l ownership in Latin America 100 89 78 81 L owned by women L owned by men L jointly titled between women men 74 70 Per cent 60 0 11 Brazil (00) 22 Mexico (02) 16 4 Nicaragua (1995) 27 Paraguay (01) 3 13 Peru (00) 13 Note: No data were available for l jointly titled between women men in Brazil Mexico. Totals may not add up to 100 per cent due to rounding. Source: Grown, Caren, Geeta Rao Gupta Aslihan Kes,Taking Action: Achieving gender equality empowering women, UN Millennium Project Taskforce on Education Gender Equality, Earthscan, London/Virginia, 05, page 78.
Figure 3.5 Many women across the developing world work in the informal sector Women s informal employment as a percentage of women s non-agricultural employment, 1994 00* (%) 100 60 0 86 83 77 69 67 58 55 39 India Kenya Indonesia El Salvador Brazil South Mexico Tunisia * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. Source: Employment Sector, International Labour Office, Women Men in the Informal Economy: A statistical picture, International Labour Organization, Geneva, 02, page 19.
Figure 4.1 Bill sponsorship in Argentina New Zeal Women in parliament were more likely to support children s women s rights Argentina: Introducing bills related to women s rights, 1993 1994 New Zeal: Initiating debates on childcare parental leave, 1987 1992 100 Per cent 90 70 60 50 30 10 0 14 % of women in parliament 78 % of bills initiated by women legislators related to women s rights 15 % of women in parliament 66 % of debates initiated by women legislators on childcare parental leave Source: UNICEF calculations for women s parliamentary representation patterns of bill sponsorship in Argentina are based on Jones, Mark P., Legislator Gender Legislator Policy Priorities in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies the United States House of Representatives, Policy Studies Journal, vol. 25, no. 4, 1997, pages 613-629. UNICEF calculations for women s parliamentary representation patterns of bill sponsorship in New Zeal are based on Grey, Sra, Does Size Matter? Critical mass New Zeal s women MPs, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 55, no. 1, January 02, p. 6. Although the study covered the period 1975-1999, the data were for the period 1987-1992.
Figure 4.2 In most of the countries surveyed, a majority of the public agrees or strongly agrees that men make better political leaders than women 7 countries in the Middle East North 4 countries in sub-saharan 3 countries in South Asia 6 countries in East Asia Pacific 5 countries in Latin America Caribbean 0 60 100 Per cent UNICEF calculations are based on data derived from the World Values Survey, Round 4 (1991-04). Data for each country territory in the regional aggregates are for the latest year available in the period specified. The following countries territories are included in the regional aggregates cited: Middle East North : Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia. Latin America Caribbean: Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Mexico, Peru. South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan. East Asia Pacific: China, Indonesia, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Viet Nam. Sub-Saharan : Nigeria, South, Uga, United Republic of Tanzania. Notes on the methodology employed can be found in the References section, page 88. Source: World Values Survey, <www.worldvaluessurvey.org>, accessed June 06. 35 55 58 59 77
Figure 4.3 Women s participation in national parliaments across regions Women parliamentarians as a percentage of all parliamentarians (%) 45 35 30 25 15 10 5 0 36 Nordic countries 13 21 14 19 10 17 Americas Europe (excluding Sub-Saharan Nordic countries) January 1997 May 06 16 13 12 10 8 3 Asia Pacific Arab States Source: Data are drawn from the Inter-Parliamentary Union database on Women in National Parliaments, <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm> accessed June 06.
Figure 4.4 Women in governance 30 World averages Per cent 10 17 14 6 0 Women in parliament Women ministers Women heads of government Source: Data on women in parliament women ministers are drawn from the Inter-Parliamentary Union database on Women in National Parliaments, <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm>, accessed June 06. Data on women heads of government are derived from official websites of national governments.
Figure 5.1 The majority of countries with the most women in parliament use political quotas Lower or single house of parliament Date of % of women Does the country Types of Rank Country elections in parliament have a quota? quota* 1 Rwa September 03 48.8 Yes 1 2 Sweden September 02 45.3 Yes 3 3 Costa Rica February 06 38.6 Yes 2,3 4 Norway September 05 37.9 Yes 3 5 Finl March 03 37.5 No - 6 Denmark February 05 36.9 Yes 3 7 Netherls January 03 36.7 Yes 3 8 Cuba January 03 36.0 No - 8 Spain March 04 36.0 Yes 3 10 Argentina October 05 35.0 Yes 1, 2, 3 11 Mozambique December 04 34.8 Yes 3 12 Belgium May 03 34.7 Yes 2,3 13 Austria November 03 33.9 Yes 3 14 Icel May 03 33.3 Yes 3 15 South April 04 32.8 Yes 3 * There are several types of quotas, including (1) constitutional quotas; (2) election law quotas; (3) political party quotas for electoral cidates. For definitions, see Panel, page 79. Sources: Data are drawn from the Inter-Parliamentary Union database on Women in National Parliaments, <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm>, accessed May 06. The figures for those legislatures using quotas are derived from the Global Database of Quotas for Women, <http://www.quotaproject.org/country.cfm>, also accessed May 06.
Figure 5.2 Countries with the most women in parliament are also the most likely to use quotas 100 Number of countries with... 60 0 More than 30% women MPs Between % 30% women MPs 35 Between 10% % women MPs 67 Less than 10% women MPs 60 Percentage of countries using quotas 60 100 85% 60% 55% 28% Note: Quotas include constitutional quotas, election law quotas political party quotas for electoral cidates. Sources: Women in parliament from the Inter-Parliamentary Union database on Women in National Parliaments, <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm>, accessed May 06. The figures for those legislatures using quotas are derived from the Global Database of Quotas for Women, <www.quotaproject.org/country.cfm>, also accessed May 06.
Figure 5.3 In many countries sex-disaggregated data are not available for key indicators Countries with data Countries without data Primary school enrolment 187 17 Indicators, 1995 03* Maternal mortality Occupational distribution Literacy a Women s participation in local government Unpaid work time use Informal employment Wage statistics School attendance a Violence against women b 111 62 108 96 81 123 70 134 67 137 60 144 52 152 41 163 38 166 0 50 100 150 0 250 Number of countries *Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. Note: Countries with data includes only countries where data are based on censuses, surveys or other sources, not countries where data are derived from modelled estimates. a Data from censuses only. b Includes only data from national surveys. An additional 30 countries have surveys covering part of the country. Source: United Nations, Department of Social Economic Affairs, The World s Women 05: Progress in statistics, United Nations, New York, 06.