Activity Report UGM-Osaka University RESPECT Satellite Office 2013 Introduction In 2013, Universitas Gadjah Mada and Osaka University RESPECT Program launched a long-term partnership in the field of disaster management, marked by the establishment of UGM-Osaka University RESPECT Satellite Office. The office is ceremonially opened on March 4 th 2013, attended by the Dean of FISIPOL UGM Dr. Erwan Agus Purwanto The office, which employs 5 local staffs, is financially supported by Osaka University and directly under the supervision of Osaka University RESPECT Program Officer, Prof. Stefano Tsukamoto. The main theme of the partnership between UGM and OU RESPECT is Building Disaster Resilient Community in Indonesia, and the office is tasked to devise and carry out activities that are coherent with it. There are broadly three program branches of the office: research, community development, and academic exchange. The year 2013 has been a very productive year for the partnership as there are many programs of good quality taking place. This document outlines these programs. Research Program In 2013, the research program invites 8 researchers from UGM to conduct research on disaster resilient community; this is then translated into seven research titles (one of the titles was done by two collaborating researchers). The following is the summary of their research. The first research is titled The Role of Women in Building Disaster Resilient Community in the Aftermath of the 2010 Merapi Volcano Eruption. This research talks about the way the communities in two villages (Umbulharjo and Purwobinangun) develop their own kinds of resilience, be it through social organization and activities or through relocation. Specifically, this research looks at the role of women in the whole process of disaster preparation. It finds that women and girls actually have some role in mitigating disaster, and there are several number of potential roles that women can play in building resilient community. In fact, women could perform well in their expected Figure 13. Situation of Cow-milk Collecting Post in Ngepring Sub-village 1
role, especially with regards to their gender nature in nurturing and keeping their family. It turned out that in both villages, woman is more adaptable and tenacious to its expected role. However, the identification of the role of women in five aspects of resilient community namely governance, risk assessment, knowledge and education, risk management and vulnerability reduction and disaster preparedness and response shows that women have only been rarely involved in each of the process. This is mainly due to the social construction of the behavior and role of women that women have certain limited role in domestic sphere. The low level of education, the stigma of woman as merely konco wingking (husband s partner in private affairs), and structural obstacle (such as the late night meeting schedule for discussing disaster preparedness) are often the real manifestation of the limitation for woman to act more. This leads to less access of women over resources necessary to cope with hazard such as information, education, health and property. This can be resulted in the perceived incapability of women due to their low level of education that makes them excluded from any process of mitigation or contingency plan. Regarding this, considering the potential roles of women in building resilient community, capacity building for women is needed to enhance their participation in building resilient community. Capacity building can also be designed for man in order to raise their awareness in giving more space to women in participating in the process of building and maintaining disaster-resilient community. The second research title is Building Resilient Community through Democratic Development in Post-disaster Area. This research is intended to link postdevelopment program and the making of resilient communities. One central question is that to what extent post-disaster development initiative could facilitate the increasing people s capability to deal and cope with disaster. The research finds that [1] Vulnerability and capability are two key words to understand the practice of disaster governance and development. Disaster governance is intended to to reduce people s vulnerability to hazards, while development should facilitate people s capacities to deal and cope with disaster. [2] Technocratic model of disaster governance, as reflected in the District Regulation Number 20/2011 on the determination of KRB in Merapi areas is not only less effective, but is posing new problems. Through this Regulation, people living at KRB III should be relocated. But the majority of communities in these areas are rejecting this government plan. [3] It seems that there is a competing regime of disaster in fields the government version and people version. Government provides no alternative but relocation. While the government, both at national and local levels, are always using the Laws as basis of their final argument, Glagaharjo people are also have no access to voice their demands. No political parties interested in advocating their problems, while NGO s roles are also limited. In the context of being discriminated, people of Glagaharjo rises sentiment and struggle through the rethoric and symbols to confront the government. [4] Based upon site-visit and intensive discussion with key stakeholders, it is found that there is almost no clear and comprehensive postdisaster development plan in Glagaharjo. The third research title is The Political Ecology of Human Vulnerability to Merapi Eruption 2010. This study examines the root causes of human 2
vulnerability to disaster. Through the lens of political ecology, it assumes that rather than a natural phenomenon, human vulnerability is a result of power contestation. Looking at the experience of disaster-affected communities along the Code river bank, it appears that historically, the reorganization of urban settlement, livelihoods reproduction and land tenure politics are three underlying political economic contexts in which power contestation result in the marginalization of the poor. Rather than having a direct impact on the increasing vulnerability to disaster, these factors are important in the sense that they gradually push more powerless people in the society to disaster prone areas. Transformation of human vulnerability, therefore, is attributed to the emergence of a structure of human resilience that would gradually alter human decision and bring structural change. The fourth research title is International Policy Framework for Building Disaster Resilient Community: the Case of Sleman. In this work, the author investigates the international disaster risk reduction frameworks that are at play today, mainly the Hyogo Framework for Action and the Millenium Development Goals, down to the national level through the implementation of the disaster resilient village program (DESTANA). The fifth research is titled Disaster Resilient Village as a Modality for Building Disaster Resilient Community in Indonesia. The author of this research focuses specifically to evaluate the DESTANA Program launched by the government and look for the relevance of this program to the establishment of disaster resilient community. The comprehensive look to the government s flagship program is essential to the better understanding of disaster resilience. The sixth research title is Sustaining Post-disaster Community-based Programs in Indonesia s Export-Driven Industrial Clusters: Cases from Yogyakarta Handicraft/Furniture Industries and Tourism-related Services. The research endeavors to link developing country s export-driven industrial clusters to international post-disaster relief program in their efforts to sustain in international trade activities. In line with the context of Aid-for-Trade initiative undertaken by WTO (World Trade Organization) and OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) since WTO s Hong Kong Ministerial Conference in 2005, it pioneers an effort to attribute locally based and initiated community-based program with the wider context of international development assistance scheme. By offering cases on handicraft, furniture industrial clusters and its tourism-related services in the area affected by Yogyakarta s 2010 volcanic eruption and 2006 earthquake, the research seeks to explain how the clusters escape from and sustain themselves in production, distribution, market and business disruptions and eventually develop resilient recovery programs. The research attempts to map out the clusters community development programs in their efforts to recover from the disruptions and at the same time to 3
develop their upgrading capacities to remain competitive in the global value chains of handicraft and furniture industries as well as its tourism-related supporting services. Mitigation Preparedness Disaster Occurence (Emergency) Response Recovery Pre-Disaster Post-Disaster The seventh research title is The Dynamics Of Yogyakarta Resilient Community: Post Eartquake Of 2006 And Mount Merapi Eruption 2010. The main purposes of this research are to describe the resilient community of Yogyakarta, and to figure out the resilient disaster recovery so that the effective relief for the community who live in prone area of disaster will be delivered into the targetted community. The research used qualitative research approach to examine the opinions and experiences of impacted individuals, households and community, and village government. Based on quick recovery, and the most devastating area Wonolelo village in Bantul regency, and Kepuharjo village in Sleman regency of Yogyakarta were chosen as the case study. Using the resilient community approach, the research found that both villages can be categorised as an resilient community since they have strong capabilities of anticipation, protection, adaptation, socio cultural capital namely mutual aid (Gotong Royong), Social Services (Kerja Bakti), and Neighborhood Gathering (Pertemuan Rukun Tetangga). Community Development Program Community development program carries out two major activities: Database development and Student Community Service. Database development Database development were conducted in the hope of pulling information on government bodies, non-government organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations who are specified their activities in disaster management in D.I. Yogyakarta. The objective of pulling the information is to draw a map of disaster management pattern in D.I.Yogyakarta which has three major hazards: earthquake and tsunami on the southern area and volcanic eruption on the northern area. From the map, we expect to find out which areas have been covered by projects of disaster management and what kind of infrastructure or initiative that these actors have taken in establishing a resilient community. 4
Initially, the stakeholder analysis was planned to be conducted from May 2013 to August 2013. However due to several difficulties and reasons, the time is extended until December 2013. The analysis involves interview with Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD/disaster management bodies in regional government), Indonesian Red Cross (PMI), local NGOs, civil society organizations and several political parties. The database development aiming at stakeholder analysis with the following matrix: Political society (political party, etc) Civil society (NGO, INGO) State Communal society (based on religion, ethnicity, etc) Economic society (corporations through CSR) The matrix is adopted as a guidelines of the research in order to make sure to include all kinds of stakeholder involved in the effort of building disaster resilient community. The involvement of institutions, mechanism and capacities in all level are important to realize this goal as mentioned in Hyogo Framework. (Coppola, 2011: p.13). During the process of pulling information, the enumerator managed to interviewed several representatives from political society, communal society, civil society and state s agencies. Problems were met when the researcher was trying to approach especially the economic society from corporations. Nevertheless, problems were also met during the process of pulling information from other stakeholders thus putting limitation to the result of the research. However, the result is quite resourceful to see how the efforts and initiatives have taken place in D.I.Yogyakarta and can be concluded in 5 sections accordingly to the matrix above. Student Community Service As the outreach program of the collaboration project between Osaka University and Institute of International Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, a group of twentynine students were fully supported by Program on Humanitarian Action of IIS on a Student Community Service (SCS) program back on July and August 2013. This group of SCS took the theme of Building Resilient Community and 5
Community-Based Disaster Risk Management and chose four subvillage in Trimulyo Village, Bantul. The four sub-village are Puton, Karangkowang, Karangsemut and Bendogorok. The 2013 SCS programs covered various activity such as the socialization of disaster awareness knowledge, the making of hazard map and disaster handbook. Nonstate and state actors were also involved during the period of SCS. Indonesian Red Cross in Bantul helped during the process of cadre recruitment for children and teenager. Meanwhile, BPBD the local government agencies for disaster management in Bantul assisted the program through socialization, training and recruitement of the local people in the village as part of disaster resilient team. The SCS program has 29 students (usually referred as KKN BTL-05) which then divided into four sub-unit working group, in respective with the four working area (Puton, Karangkowang, Karangsemut and Bendogorok). The SCS programs consisted of six main programs (with subprograms) and several additional programs. The table below is the summary of the programs and details of activity. No. Program s Name Details 1. Field preparation This involved discussion and dialogue with stakeholders (heads of households), head of the sub-village, head of district and forum for disaster risk reduction (FPRB) to determine the strategy used in the program as well as consulting the content of Disaster Handbook with lecturer from Osaka University. 2. Training and recruitment of cadres Series of training were conducted targeting adult, teenager and children. There were four form of cadres which are 6
a. Dokter Kecil (elementary school students are trained about healthiness and cleanliness. The recruited students then called as little doctor). This program was supported by Indonesian Red Cross for Bantul. b. Duta Anak Tanggap Bencana (child ambassador for disaster response). In this program young children are trained BPBD Bantul about disaster awareness knowledge with the hope that they can help transfer and share the knowledge to other people. c. Creative Mother covering the socio-economy aspect of postdisaster recovery activity. This program teach the women (the mother) in the family of utilizing plastic waste in the village ( such as making garbage can from plastic bottle). d. Building Father program is dedicated to the man (or the father) in the family which was given the information about the characteristic of disaster resilient building. 3. Socialization The socialization activity here involved men, women, youth and kids in the village as the target of participant. The socialization took place are: a. Socialization of medical and first aid b. Socialization of flood resistant plants c. Socialization of structure earthquake resistant building d. Socialization of disaster response management e. Socialization of emergency bag 6. Disaster Risk Management Manual Book for Earthquake A handbook of Earthquake disaster was compiled by the SCS with the assistance of students from Osaka University. 800 handbook was printed on the beginning of the program and 750 books were 7
distributed to the households in the four sub-villages. The SCS came to each of the houses, schools and public facilities to distribute and socialize the content of the book as well. 7. Hazard Map At the same time with other program, SCS did some observations and surveys on the physical, infrastructure and geographical condition of the village to determine the hazard map of each subvillage. The final output of the hazard map was then distributed to each houses and installed at strategic location (information center of the village). 8. Evacuation Route Sign As the SCS tried to gather information for the hazard map, they also decided on hazard points, gathering points and evacuation route and installed the signs of each place important. 9. Simulation and website management At the end of SCS period, two additional program was conducted. The first one is the simulation which was recorded and compiled into a disaster response simulation. Aside to that, the output (product) of SCS in Trimulyo Village can also be downloaded from the website made for the villages. There two website www.desawisataputon.blogspot.com for Puton and Karangkowang; and www.kstanggapbencana.blogspot.com for Karangsemut and Bendogorok. Osaka University provides the funding for the SCS through the framework prepared by POHA. The proponent team of SCS proposed their initial budget first and then worked together with POHA to decide the feasibility of the program in the beginning of the program. On the field, the execution SCS program were very much helped and 8
assisted by Indonesian Red Cross for Bantul and BPBD Bantul. Meanwhile the product of SCS (disaster handbook and hazard map) was largely composed through several consultation between POHA and Osaka University. In addition to the above program, since this is the first SCS facilitated by POHA and Osaka University, a training on the trainer was quickly set up with the help of two intern staffs from Network on Humanitarian Action (NOHA). The TOT was about the Vulnerability Capacity Assessment training. However, due to the conflicting and limited time, we could only train eight students (out of 29 students) with the hope that this eight student could help improving the process of information gathering for the hazard map. Networking and Academic Exchange This program becomes the umbrella of many activities such as seminars and lectures. Three notable lectures were given by Professor Toshiya Hosino on Japan-ASEAN Security Cooperation on 26 June, 2013, Dr. Satoshi Kabasawa on Entrepreneurship Education, and Mr. Michiya Kawamura titled Cool Mind, Warm Heart and Persistence. One major activity undertaken by Networking and Academic Exchange was the Indonesian Humanitarian Action Forum (IHAF). The IHAF is annual event. In 2013, IHAF brought together all stakeholders from Indonesia to discuss the 9
theme of Humanitarian Diplomacy: From Perspective to Practice, collaborating with International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Indonesia and Australian National University as the speakers, and fully supported by RESPECT Program, Osaka University. This seminar was held on October 24 th 2013 at 5th floor Seminar Hall, Graduate School University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. This program s long-term goal is to widely improve the awareness and understanding of governments and practitioners about the importance of the humanitarian diplomacy in international diplomatic agenda. A further objective is to strengthen the coordination among humanitarian actors themselves through the meeting. By achieving the previous goals, this Conference will be a tool for all participants that work in humanitarian field to improve their capacity or insights in operational application of humanitarian diplomacy. Overall, the event went successful and the speakers and participants were very impressed at this event. Even though this event runs well without any major problems, there are several recommendations to be taken into consideration in organizing the next conference next year. The committees have to be more decisive on keeping the schedule in order to stay on time and on the selection of the speakers, political figure or a professional who have established a wellknown name and reputation in the country's politics as well as in the field of his/her work on humanitarian would may attract more participants. And last for the coordination of committees, there should be a clear chain of command and job description between committees that would be averting the committee from misunderstanding and overlapping work. 10
Multi-Languages Wide View Disaster Information System In 2013, the office also initiates new major program called the Wide-view Disaster Information System, later changed to CARED. This program attempts to bridge the gap of information management during emergency situation with regards to the condition of the victims and their houses by developing mobile application for Android, ios, and Blackberry. The office partnered with Gamatechno, an UGM-owned IT solution company, to develop the application and its backend system. The development of the application was launched on 21 st October 2013, inviting national and local journalists from both newspapers and television. The reception was impressive as many of those who attend the press conference asked questions and curious about this application. As part of the preparation for developing the application, the office conducted a preliminary survey to several locations near Merapi Mountain. This survey aims to know the level of smartphone ownership and usage in the area, to ensure that the disaster information system being developed can benefit those people. The result was mixed. Though many of the villagers do not have smartphone nor being able to use one, the younger people in the village usually have smartphone and able to use basic application. On March 4 th 2014, the application and the system were ready and officially launched, marked by a press conference attended by various journalists and students. 11