THE BUSH DOCTRINE AND LATIN AMERICA

THE BUSH DOCTRINE AND LATIN AMERICA

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The Bush Doctrine and Latin America Edited by Gary Prevost and Carlos Oliva Campos

THE BUSH DOCTRINE AND LATIN AMERICA Gary Prevost and Carlos Oliva Campos, 2007. S o f t c o v e r r e p r i n t o f t h e h a r d c o v e r 1 s t e d i t i o n 2 0 0 7 9 7 8-1 - 4 0 3 9-7 2 5 6-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. I S B N 9 7 8-1 - 3 4 9-5 3 3 8 4-8 I S B N 9 7 8-0 - 2 3 0-6 0 6 9 5-1 ( e B o o k ) D O I 1 0. 1 0 5 7 / 9 7 8 0 2 3 0 6 0 6 9 5 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: February 2007 10987654321

Contents List of Illustrations Editors Contributors vii viii ix 1 Introduction The Bush Doctrine and Latin America 1 Gary Prevost 2 The United States Latin America and the Caribbean: From Neopan-Americanism to the American System for the Twenty-First Century 11 Carlos Oliva Campos 3 The Axis of Misunderstanding: The Bush Administration, Intelligence, and Hemispheric Security after September 11, 2001 49 Patrice Elizabeth Olsen 4 The Summits of the Americas: Continuities and Changes in the Hemispheric Agenda of William Clinton and George W. Bush 67 Luis Fernando Ayerbe 5 Plan Colombia A Key Ingredient in the Bush Doctrine 91 German Rodas Chavez 6 Amazonia, MERCOSUR, and the South American Regional Integration 105 Enrique Amayo 7 Latin America vis-à-vis the FTAA: Between Relaunching and Alternatives 129 Jorge Mario Sánchez-Egozcue and Lourdes Regueiro Bello 8 Free Trade Agreements, CAFTA, and FTAA: Key Pieces in the Accumulation of Transnational Capital 161 Raúl Moreno

vi CONTENTS 9 Social Movements, Hegemony and Resistance 185 Harry E. Vanden 10 Geostrategic Resources in Latin America and U.S. Control Mechanisms 203 David Alejandro Alvarez Dieppa 11 Drinking Water the New Strategic Resource of the Twenty-First Century: the Particular Case of the Guarani Aquiferous 215 Elsa M. Bruzzone 12 Latin American Integration and Environment 229 Antonio Elizalde Hevia Further Reading 247 Index 253

List of Illustrations Figures 10.1 Global Production of Petroleum 1965 2003 205 10.2 Longevity of the Main Reservoirs of Petroleum 206 10.3 Water Distribution to the World 207 10.4 Relation between Water Reservoirs and Levels of Population, year 2003 207 Tables 4.1 U.S. Department of State Strategic Plan (2000) 80 4.2 State Department and USAID Strategic Plan (2004 2009) 82 4.3 Terrorist Attacks and Number (A-V) of Victims Per Region 1996 2003 84 12.1 Share in the World GGP 237 Maps 10.1 Principal Corporations that Depend on Biodiversity and Megadiverse Countries 204 10.2 Consequences of Privatization 210 10.3 Main Military Bases in Latin America 211 10.4 Military Base Mariscal Estigarribia 212

Editors Carlos Oliva Campos is the executive director of the Association for Our America (AUNA) in Havana, Cuba, and former associate researcher of the Center for the Study of the United States at the University of Havana. He is an adjunct professor of history and philosophy at the University of Havana and has held visiting appointments at the University of Texas and Johns Hopkins. His publications include La situación actual en Cuba: desafíos y alternativas, and Relaciones internacionales en America Central y el Caribe durante los anos 80. Gary Prevost is a professor of Political Science at Saint John s University and the College of Saint Benedict in Collegeville, Minnesota. He has published widely on Latin America and Spain. He has received numerous fellowships and awards including a Fulbright Central American Republics research grant. His books include Politics in Latin America-The Power Game, Neoliberalism and Neo panamericanism-the View from Latin America, Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua, The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution, and Politics and Change in Spain. Professor Prevost also teaches courses on social movements and political change.

Contributors Lourdes Regueiro Bello is a senior researcher at the Center for the Study of the Americas (CEA) in Havana, Cuba. She is author of numerous articles on inter-american trade issues. Elsa M. Bruzzone is an adjunct professor of History at various universities in Buenos Aires. She serves as an advisor to the Argentine Congress on matters of natural resources. She is the secretary of the Interamerican Institute of Geopolitical Studies (ILADEG). German Rodas Chavez is a professor of Latin American Studies at Simon Bolivar Andean University in Quito. He is head of international relations for the Broad Socialist Front of Ecuador and secretary of the Latin American Socialist Coordination. David Alejandro Alvarez Dieppa is a researcher on inter-american issues at the Association for Our America (AUNA) in Havana, Cuba. He holds a degree in geography from the University of Havana. Jorge Mario Sánchez-Egozcue is Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics and Research at Centro de Estudios de los Estados Unidos (CESEU) at the University of Havana. He holds a Ph.D. in International Economics at the University of Havana. His most recent publication is Latin America and the Challenges of Globalization: The Limits of Integration. His main areas of research are international integration, trade, dollarization, exchange rate policy, and macroeconomics. Antonio Elizalde Hevia is a professor of sociology and rector of the Bolivarian University in Santiago, Chile. He was Chile coordinator of the Program for Sustainable Development in MERCOSUR. He has consulted with various international organizations on the environment and development, including the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF). He is the author of numerous books including Human Development and Ethics for Sustainability. Raúl Moreno is an economist on the faculty of the University of El Salvador and a member of the Action Network Against Commerce and Investment. He received his doctorate from the University of Madrid.

x CONTRIBUTORS Harry E. Vanden is a Professor of Political Science and International Studies at the University of South Florida, Tampa. He received his Ph.D. in political science from the New School for Social Research and also holds a graduate Certificate in Latin American Studies from the Maxwell School of Syracuse University. He has lived in several Latin American countries, including Peru, where he was a Fulbright Scholar and later worked in the Peruvian government s National Institute of Public Administration. His scholarly publications include numerous articles, book chapters, and the following books: Mariátegui, influencias; National Marxism in Latin America; A Bibliography of Latin American Marxism; Democracy and the Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua, coauthored with Gary Prevost; and The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution, coedited with Gary Prevost. Enrique Amayo is a Peruvian-born professor working in Brazil, in the Economics Department of the University of the State of Sao Paulo (UNESP), in the Graduate Program of Sociology, and the International Relations program Santiago Dantas. PhD in History from the University of London and University of Pittsburgh, USA. Visiting scholar in several institutions: International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Latin American Studies, University of Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Latin American Studies, University of Pittsburgh; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Estudos Ibéricos y Latinoamericanos, University of Guadalajara, México; University of Santiago, Chile; Universidad Nacional de Ingeñería, Lima, Peru. Author of La Política Británica en la Guerra del Pacífico, Sendero Luminoso, and several papers on the Amazon and the South American Pacific area from the perspective of economic history and international relations. Patrice Elizabeth Olsen is an associate professor in history at Illinois State University. Her current research focuses on covert operations, foreign intelligence, and collective memory. Her book Artifacts of Revolution (Rowman and Littlefield, 2007) received the Michael C. Meyer and Lewis Hanke prizes. Luis Fernando Ayerbe is a professor in the department of economics and the post-graduate program of international relations at the State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP). He has also been a visiting researcher at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University and the Autonomous University of Barcelona. In 2001 he received a prize from the Casa de las Americas (Havana) in the category of social/historical essay. His publications include Estados Unidos e América Latina: a construcão da Hegemonia e Revolucão Cubana.