Transition, Globalisation and Labour in the BS & CA Region 20 May 2010 Chisinau Colm Foy Co-ordinator Black Sea and Central Asia Initiative Development Centre Stephanie Char Junior Policy Analyst Black Sea and Central Asia Initiative Development Centre 1
DEV Policies for a better world OECD members 2010-25 members Non-OECD members 2010-15 members Egypt Morocco 45 Development Centre Membership South Africa India Mauritius Romania 40 38 40 Thailand Vietnam 35 Brazil Colombia 30 32 Peru Indonesia Senegal Israel Costa Rica 25 20 27 22 25 27 28 The European Commission participates in the work of the Development Centre 2
BSECAO 2008 An OECD Development Centre Economic Outlook Focus on the BSEC-CA Regions A cross-country comparative analysis of macroeconomic and policy developments of the BSEC-CA region, involving 12 BSEC and 5 CA countries Black Sea and Central Asia: Promoting Work and Well-being Recent economic developments in the BSEC- CA regions (Part I) Work and well-being: policy challenges in the global environment (Part II) 3
Stylised Map of the Region 4
Growth Trend Regional GDP growth has been impacted by the financial crisis 14,0 12,0 10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0-2,0-4,0-6,0-8,0 Growth in Real GDP (%) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average Black Sea countries Average Lower to Lower Middle income countries: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine Average Upper Middle to Upper income countries: Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook October 2009 GROWTH: Over 2001-07, average growth rate for the region was around 7.2 %, comparable to Asian economies. The crisis led to a regional recession of around 6 % Substantial variations in growth performance exist within each group of countries, LLM countries recovering slightly faster than UMU TRADE: The European Union is the main trade partner for the region, with great importance for Moldova. Russia is the main intra-regional trading partner embargo since 2009 on Moldovan wine 5
Growth: LLM Impressive growth performance until 2008, then great recession with the crisis 30 25 20 15 Growth in Real GDP (%) The impressive growth performance in 2001-07 reflects gains in term of trade and an improvement in macroeconomic management, notably on the fiscal front. 10 5 0-5 2007 2008 2009(e) 2010(e) 2011(f) Regional economic growth fell from +6% in 2008 to -6% in 2009 as a result of the crisis. It is projected to reach 2.5% in 2010. -10-15 -20 Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Ukraine Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook October 2009 These countries are highly exposed to international shocks, notably Moldova whose economy relies on remittances and trade with Russia 6
Finance Increased reliance on external funds 330 USD Billion External Financing before crisis: BSEC % 14 280 12 230 10 180 8 130 6 80 4 30 2-20 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0 External financing/gdp (right-hand axis) Capital inflows Workers' remittances and compensation of employees External financing FDI Inflows Source: OECD Development Centre / IMF 7
Finance Increased reliance on remittances 1 200,0 Moldova, receipts (BoP, current mln US$) 1 000,0 800,0 600,0 Moldova 400,0 200,0 0,0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Moldova heavily depends on Workers' remittances which was multiplied by five between 2004 and 2008 from $221.4 mln to $1,046 mln Source: OECD Development Centre / IMF 8
Exports Specialisation in BSEC Countries Export specialisation (Balassa Index) average 2007-08 SITC group 1 2 3 4 6 beverages & tobacco crude materials (ex. fuel) mineral fuels animal & vegetable oils manufactured goods Albania 2.1 8.1 1.3 0.2 3.5 Armenia 33.1 7.9 0.1 0.0 6.5 Azerbaijan 0.6 0.2 13.9 2.4 0.2 Bulgaria 4.6 3.4 2.2 1.3 3.4 Georgia 25.6 11.3 0.5 0.5 2.9 Greece 7.7 2.3 1.8 6.8 2.8 Moldova 30.4 5.2 0.0 14.0 2.0 Romania 2.1 2.8 1.3 0.9 2.6 Russia 0.5 3.7 1.7 1.1 3.5 Serbia 5.3 2.3 0.5 4.2 4.2 Turkey 1.1 0.5 0.2 1.2 1.8 Ukraine 1.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 3.6 Source: OECD Development Centre / Comtrade, 2008 No BSEC-CA countries have any form of specialisation in exports of food and animals (SITC 0), chemical products (SITC 5) or machinery and transport products (SITC 7) Moldova has a clear specialisation in agriculture, with an index of 30.4, second after Armenia (33.1) and just before Georgia (25.6) 9
BSECAO 2008 Labour Market Outcomes Transition in an open economy More severe recession than expected Increased volatility and job insecurity During the 1990s labour market policy responses were limited The Outlook describes how labour market policies evolved during the 2000s but the context was also set by households responses during the 1990s 10
Social indic. A heavy social cost: death rates in BSEC-CA countries 20,00 18,00 16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 2000 2007 Source: OECD Development Centre / IMF World Development Index 2008 Crude death rate is 12,0 increasing in Moldova. 10,0 It is expected to reach 13 8,0 6,0 per thousand in 2010-15; 4,0 compared to 11.5 per 2,0 thousand on average for - the Black Sea countries for the same period Source: World Bank 2008 14,0 2000-05 2005-10 2010-15 Moldova Av BS 11
BSECAO 2008 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations Investment on statistics Regularising informal activities Active labour market policies Employment-oriented social polices and targeted assistance Migration, remittances and migrant workers rights Sustaining reforms for better job creation 12
From BSCAO 2008 to the OECD Initiative for the South Caucasus and Ukraine (2009-2010): BSCAI Achieving transition requires more than shifting wealth from the state to the private sector, it is also about building markets and developing certain state functions to support both the private sector and the social indicators. Prioritise policies to improve the business climate and meet the skill gaps facing the private sector 13
Target Countries Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Serbia Ukraine 14
BSCAI team Black Sea and Central Asia Initiative (BSCAI) team is composed of 11 persons located in different countries as follow : Paris office - 5 persons OECD Development Centre Mr. Kiichiro FUKASAKU, Head of Regional Desks Mr. Colm FOY, BSCAI Co-ordinator Ms. Stephanie CHAR, Junior Policy Analyst Ms. Anna TCHOUB, BSCAI Communication (Russian speaker) OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Mr. Barrie HEBB, Economist (under a joint project) Local country experts 6 persons Armenia Mr. Armen Hovhannisyan Azerbaijan Mr. Elkhan Kazimov Georgia- Mr. Alexander Khvtisiashvili Moldova- Mrs. Tatiana Lariushin Serbia-Mrs. Mirjana Radovic Ukraine-Mrs. Olga Kupets 15
Target Issues Macroeconomic overview Regional Trade and Co-operation Private Sector Development Access to Finance Foreign Direct Investment Human Capital Formation Social Development (MDG) 16
Objectives Creation of comprehensive data base Co-operative policy formulation and advice Establishment of co-ordinated, regional development strategies Creation of Internet portal on the region Establishment of regional economic policy and research network 17
Current Moldovan Business Development 18
Millennium Development Goals (1) Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Objective: Baseline Current data Target Halve the % of people suffering from hunger Year Value Year Value Year Value Undernourished people (%) 2000 2008 2015 Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Objective: Baseline Current data Target All children to complete primary school Year Value Year Value Year Value Net primary enrollment ratio (%) 2000 89 2008 83 2015 Children reach grade 5 (% of grade 1) 2000 2008 2015 Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Objective: Baseline Current data Target Eliminate gender disparity in all levels of education Year Value Year Value Year Value Female primary ratio (as % of male ratio) 2000 2008 2015 Female secondary ratio (as % of male ratio) 2000 2008 2015 19
Millennium Development Goals (2) Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Objective: Baseline Current data Target Reduce by 2/3 under 5 mortality rates Year Value Year Value Year Value Under 5 mortality rate (per 1,000) 2000 24 2008 17 2015 Goal 5 Improve maternal health Objective: Baseline Current data Target Reduce maternal mortality by 3/4 Year Value Year Value Year Value Maternal mortality ratio (per 1,000 births) 2000 2008 2015 Goal 6 Combat diseases Objective: Baseline Current data Target Halt and reverse spread of Tuberculosis Year Value Year Value Year Value Tuberculosis case detention rate (all forms) 2000 38 2008 79 2015 Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability target Objective: Baseline Current data Target Halve the % of people without access to safe water Year Value Year Value Year Value Access to improved safe water (%) 2000 92 2008 2015 20
Transition is achieved through liberalisation, macroeconomic stabilisation, restructuring, privatisation and legal and institutional reforms. 21