Europeanization, Care and Gender

Europeanization, Care and Gender

This page intentionally left blank

Europeanization, Care and Gender Global Complexities Edited by Hanne Marlene Dahl Roskilde University, Denmark Marja Keränen University of Jyväskylä, Finland Anne Kovalainen University of Turku, Finland

Selection and editorial matter Hanne Marlene Dahl, Marja Keränen and Anne Kovalainen 2011 Individual Chapters their respective authors Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-29969-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-33526-8 ISBN 978-0-230-32102-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230321021 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Europeanization, care and gender global complexities / edited by Hanne Marlene Dahl, Marja Keränen, Anne Kovalainen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Social work administration Europe. 2. Globalization Europe. I. Dahl, Hanne Marlene. II. Keränen, Marja. III. Kovalainen, Anne. HV238.E977 2011 362.94 dc23 2011016887 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

Contents Tables and Appendices Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction 1 Hanne Marlene Dahl, Marja Keränen and Anne Kovalainen Part I The Europeanization of Care 1 Double Subsidiarity, Double Trouble?: Allocating Care Responsibilities in the EU through Social Dialogue 21 Kevät Nousiainen 2 Care, Migration and Citizenship: Migration and Home-based Care in Europe 41 Fiona Williams 3 The Regulation of Paid Domestic Work: A Win-Win Situation or a Reproduction of Social Inequalities? 59 Majda Hrženjak z Part II The Complexity of Care 4 Family Policy and Welfare Regimes 77 Thomas P. Boje and Anders Ejrnæs 5 Modes of Care and Mothering: How Does Citizenship and Care Intersect in the Lives of Mothers and Disabled Children? 94 Janice McLaughlin 6 From Traditional to Modern Care? The Case of the Intellectually Disabled and Mentally Ill in Modern Lithuania 108 Egle Sumskiene 7 Changing Conceptions of Citizenship and Care in Finnish Policy Discourse on Reconciliation of Work and Family Life 123 Kirsi Eräranta vii viii ix v

vi Contents Part III Neo-Colonial Care Relations in Europe 8 Gendering the Stranger: Nomadic Care Workers in Europe a Polish-Italian Example 141 Lise Widding Isaksen 9 Migrant Women and Defamilialization in the Spanish Welfare State 152 Susana Climent 10 Privatizing Neo-Colonialism: Migrant Domestic Care Workers, Partial Citizenship and Responsibility 165 Joan Tronto Concluding Remarks 182 Hanne Marlene Dahl, Marja Keränen and Anne Kovalainen Bibliography 188 Index 207

Tables and Appendices Table 4.1 Characteristics of European family policy regimes 86 Table 7.1 Changing problematizations of the reconciliation of work and family 126 Appendix 4.1 Family policy, child care and parental leave and female part-time employment among the EU member states 93 Appendix 7.1 Empirical materials used in this chapter 136 vii

Acknowledgements The editors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by CINEFOGO, the Network of Excellence of the EU 6th Framework Programme. Anne Kovalainen would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Academy of Finland. A research grant provided her with the possibility to take main responsibility for the final editing of the book during her faculty fellowship at the Michelle R. Clayman Institute for Gender Research, Stanford University. The intellectual stimulus and discussions with colleagues at the Michelle R. Clayman Institute and at Stanford University are greatly acknowledged. This book is dedicated to all we care about, and are being cared by. Hanne Marlene Dahl, Roskilde University, Denmark Marja Keränen, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Anne Kovalainen, University of Turku, Finland; Stanford University, USA May 2011 viii

Notes on Contributors Thomas P. Boje is Professor of Social Science at the University of Roskilde, Denmark. He was in charge of the CINEFOGO network of excellence 2007 10, and he has published widely on labour markets, gender and the welfare state. Among his most recent publications is Welfare and Families in Europe (with Peter Abrahamson and Bent Greve: Ashgate, 2005). Susana Climent is a doctoral student in sociology at the Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Her research interests are in gender and the welfare state, gender and migration, gender and social care. Hanne Marlene Dahl is Professor in the Department of Society and Globalization at Roskilde University, Denmark. Her research fields include elderly care, Europeanization and globalization of care, and feminist state theory. She has several research projects funded nationally. Her most recent books include Dilemmas of Care in the Nordic Welfare State (co-edited with Tine Rask Eriksen: Ashgate, 2005). Anders Ejrnaes is Associate Professor at the Department of Society and Globalization at Roskilde University, Denmark. He is working within the fields of work/family reconciliation, labour markets, ethnic minorities and European family policy and has published on European societies and European Union politics. Kirsi Eräranta is a doctoral student at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Her research interests include gender equality policies, European governance, the social politics of fatherhood, gender and sexuality. Majda Hrzenjak, PhD, works as a researcher at the Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Her research interests widely cover social policies, gender studies and cultural studies. Her recent books include Invisible Work (Peace Institute, 2007). Lise Widding Isaksen is Professor in the Department of Sociology, University of Bergen, Norway. Her research interests include global studies, gender and social policy as well as migration. She has published widely within these fields in edited collections and journals. Marja Keränen is Professor of Political Science at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. Her research interests range from democracy, political ix

x Notes on Contributors participation and participatory governance to technologies of participation. She leads an Academy of Finland project on Democracy and Governance. Her publications include an Gender and Politics in Finland (editor: Avebury, 1992). Anne Kovalainen is Academy Professor at the University of Turku, Finland, and faculty visiting fellow at Stanford University and the London School of Economics. Her research interests range from gender, economy and social theories to methodological questions. She leads an Academy of Finland project on Gendered Economy. Her latest books include Qualitative Methods in Business Research (co-authored with Päivi Eriksson: Sage, 2008). Janice McLaughlin is Reader in Sociology at Newcastle University, UK. Her research interests include contemporary social theory, family and disability, care, and interdependency. She has published, among other titles, Families Raising Disabled Children: Enabling Care and Social Justice (co-authored with Dan Goodley, Emma Clavering and Pamela Fisher: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). Kevät Nousiainen is Professor of Comparative Law and Legal Theory at the University of Turku, Finland. Her research interests include theory of law and gender studies in law. She has published widely on her research topics and in 2009 guest edited (with Johanna Kantola) an issue of the International Journal of Feminist Politics. Egle Sumskiene is a lecturer in the Social Work department at the University of Vilnius, Lithuania. Her research interests include institutional care, care for the disabled, and human rights, stigma and discrimination. Her recent publications include Child and Adolescent Mental Health in Europe. Research on Best Practice (with Dainius Puras, Eurohealth, 15 (4), 2010). Joan Tronto is Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota. Her research fields range from political theories, gender and the ethic of care, to the history of political thought. She has authored numerous articles and books, including Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (Routledge, 1993) and co-edited (with Cathy J. Cohen and Kathleen B. Jones) Women Transforming Politics (New York University Press, 1997). Fiona Williams is Professor of Social Policy at the University of Leeds. Her research interests range from care in contemporary Europe, gender, race and ethnicity in social policy, to migrant workers in home-based

Notes on Contributors xi care in Europe. Her publications include articles and books, including Rethinking Families (Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 2004), Social Policy, a Critical Introduction (Polity, 1989) and Gendering Citizenship in Western Europe (co-authored with Anneli Anttonen, Jet Bussemaker, Ute Gerhard Ruth Lister et al.: Policy Press, 2007).