Section 1: Read and annotate each section of the text below. Then answer the questions that follow Civil War The Egyptians conquered Sudan in 1874 and created the state of Equatoria. The British took over Sudan in 1898. Britain and Egypt ruled the country together. In the early 1900 s Christian missionaries turned a lot of the people there into Christians and introduced English to the area. The result was that there was a big difference between the Arab, Muslim north and the black African Christians in the south. Egypt and Britain ruled Sudan until 1953, when Anglo Egyptian Sudan was granted Sudan self government. In 1955, army officers in the south rebelled, creating a civil war between the north and south. Southerners accused the government, based in the north, of trying to force Islamic and Arab culture on the south. In addition, the south said the government went back on promises to grant the south more independence. Independence was claimed on Jan. 1, 1956, and the civil war dragged on until the 1972 signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement. About 500,000 people died in the war. War broke out again in 1983 when President Nimeiri overturned the treaty and declared all of Sudan a Muslim state. In response, southern rebels formed the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and fought the government for more than twenty years. Government troops attacked civilians and destroyed entire villages. The government also started violence between tribes and ethnic groups. A cease fire was declared between the Sudanese government and the SPLA in July 2002. 1. Why was there a divide between the North and the South part of Sudan? 2. Why did the first civil war break out? 3. Why did the second civil war break out? Peace Agreement Reached On Jan. 9, 2005, a peace deal was reached between the southern rebels and the Khartoum government. Under the deal, half of Sudan's oil wealth was given to the south, as well as nearly complete independence, with the ability of the south to be completely independent after 6 years. But just two weeks after Garang was sworn in as first vice president as part of the power sharing agreement, he was killed in a helicopter crash during bad weather. Rioting erupted in Khartoum, killing nearly 100. Garang's deputy, Salva Kiir, was quickly sworn in as the new vice president, and both north and south vowed that the peace agreement would hold. In July 2009, an international tribunal redefined the border of Sudan's oil rich Abyei region, giving the North rights to the money making Heglig oil field, and the South retained rights to other large oil fields in Abyei. In April 2010 elections, Salva Kiir, head of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement, was reelected president of the semi independent South, taking 93% of the vote. He opted not to run for national president, choosing instead to remain the leader of southern Sudan leaving no doubt that he supported independence.
1. What did the peace agreement say? 2. What do you think Power sharing means? 3. Why didn t Salva Kiir run for national president? Historic Vote for Independence In a historic seven day vote that began in southern Sudan on January 9, 2011, 98.8% of voters chose independence from the north. Sudan's president Omar al Bashir accepted the results and said he would not seek reelection when his term expires in 2015. In July 2011, after years of fighting, the Republic of South Sudan declared its independence and became Africa's 54th state. Thousands celebrated in the streets of South Sudan's capital, Juba. Kiir, South Sudan's president, signed the interim Constitution. South Sudan becomes one of the poorest countries in the world with half of the population living on less than $1 per day and an adult literacy rate of less than 25%. South Sudan also needs to establish a new government and constitution. Instability and conflict with Sudan over oil has troubled South Sudan since independence. Sudan launched air attacks into South Sudan, the north accused the south of arming militants in the north, and both accused each other of inciting a border war. Tension between the two nations peaked in early 2012 as the economies in both countries continued to shrink and a food crisis intensified in the south, emphasizing the need for oil money. As a full scale war loomed, the two sides negotiated a non aggression agreement under pressure from the African Union, the U.S., and China. Within days, however, South Sudan accused the north of violating the agreement. The countries teetered on the brink of border war in April 2012. South Sudan took over disputed oil fields in Heglig, a move the African Union and the UN called illegal. Both sides traded ground and aerial attacks, and Sudan's president Omar al Bashir said he would not negotiate with South Sudan because it only responds to "the gun and bullets." The South withdrew from the region, but the aggression continued, prompting the African Union to give the two sides three months to resolve the issues over oil and the disputed border. July 9, 2012 marked the one year anniversary of South Sudan's independence. There was little to celebrate as tensions persist and the biggest issues the border and oil remain not only unresolved, but a source of violent outbreaks. 1. What are some of the problems that South Sudan faced after independence? 2. What are the main reasons for conflict between Sudan and South Sudan?
Oil Pipeline Deal Achieved Sudan and South Sudan reached an oil deal on Aug. 4, 2012. South Sudan, where the oil reserves are located, has agreed to pay Sudan for the use of its oil pipeline. Sudan and South Sudan then reached an agreement in March 2013 to resume oil production within the month. South Sudan gets 98% of its revenue from oil. The agreement established a timeline for resumption of oil production, and addressed other issues including security and border lines. 1. Why is oil so important in this area? Country Falls into Civil War In late July 2013, President Salva Kiir, dismissed his cabinet and vice president, Riek Machar. Machar and his supporters called Kiir a dictator, and fighting followed for months. In December, Kiir accused Machar of attempting to take over the government. Machar denied the allegation, and fighting broke out in Juba between government troops and rebels loyal to Machar. Tribal rivalries also factored into the violence, with the Dinka, the majority tribe, backing Kiir, and the second largest tribe, the Nuer, supporting Machar. Rebels took control of Unity and Upper Nile, two oil producing states, but government troops remained better armed and in control of most other states. About 10,000 people died in what is considered a civil war and about 700,000 people fled their homes to escape the violence. The government and rebels signed a cease fire in late January 2014 in Ethiopia. Both sides agreed to halt military operations while they negotiate further. The status of detainees, mostly supporters of Machar, remains a sensitive issue. Both sides violated the cease fire, and negotiations in February produced few results. Fighting continued and reached a low point in April, when the pro Machar rebels took over the oil town of Bentiu and massacred hundreds of people, mostly civilians. The rebels targeted anyone they suspected supported Kiir. 1. What was the cause of the most recent civil war? 2. What were two effects of this war?
Section 2: Timeline Directions: Create a timeline of the using the readings above. 1874 1898 1955 1972 1983 July 2002 Jan. 9, 2005 July 2009 April 2010 January 9, 2011 July 2011 April 2012 July 9, 2012 July 2013 January April 2014
Section 3: Paragraph Directions: Write a thesis statement answering the question. Then choose one of your reasons from the thesis statement to write a body paragraph. Question: What is the major reason for the conflict between Sudan and South Sudan? Use evidence from the text in your answer. Topic Sentence What is the major reason for the conflict between Sudan and South Sudan? Evidence Quote the text and which reading it came from Explanation of Evidence Explain how this has caused conflict. Commentary How could they solve this conflict? Conclusion Restate your main idea