ECONOMY AND CULTURE IN PAKISTAN

ECONOMY AND CULTURE IN PAKISTAN

Also by Hastings Donnan MARRIAGE AMONG MUSLIMS: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY IN NORTHERN IRELAND (co-editor) Also by Pnina Werbner BLACK AND ETHNIC LEADERSHIPS IN BRITAIN: The Cultural Dimensions of Political Action (co-editor) THE MIGRATION PROCESS: Capital, Gifts and Otterings among British Pakistanis PERSON, MYTH AND SOCIETY IN SOUTH ASIAN ISLAM (editor)

Economy and Culture in Pakistan Migrants and Cities in a Muslim Society Edited by Hastings Donnan Senior Lecturer in Social Anthropology The Queen's University of Belfast and Pnina Werbner Research Associate, Department of Sociology University of Manchester Palgrave Macmillan

ISBN 978-1-349-11403-0 ISBN 978-1-349-11401-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-11401-6 Hastings Donnan and Pnina Werbner, 1991 Chapters 6 and 8 Hamza Alavi, 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 978-0-333-52052-9 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1991 ISBN 978-0-312-04891-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Economy and culture in Pakistan: migrants and cities in a Muslim society/edited by Hastings Donnan and Pnina Werbner. p. em. ISBN 978-0-312-04891-4 1. Migration, Internal-Pakistan. 2. Pakistan-Emigration and immigration. 3. Immigrants-Pakistan--Economic conditions. 4. Acculturation-Pakistan. 5. Urbanization-Pakistan. I. Donnan, Hastings. II. Werbner, Pnina. HB2100.5.A3E29 1991 305.8'095491--dc20 90--8453 CIP

Contents List of Tables List of Figures Notes on the Contributors Acknowledgements 1 Introduction Hastings Donnan and Pnina Werbner 1 I Migration and Urbanisation 9 2 Family and Low-income Housing in Karachi Frits Selier 35 I Theories of Intra-urban Migration 36 II Illegal Subdivisions of Karachi 38 III Location and Characteristics of the Sample 40 IV Plot Price and the Consolidation Threshold 44 V Building Prices and Basic Facilities 48 VI Time Needed for Consolidation of Ownership 51 VII Consolidation Time and Family 53 VIII Conclusion 57 3 Security and Value: Squatter Dwellings in Karachi Jan van der Linden 62 I Economic Rationality and Housing Investment Strategies 64 II The Survey 66 III Conclusion: Value and Incorporation into the Housing Market 71 4 The Impact of Migration on Pakistan's Economy and Society Omar Noman 77 I Introduction: Migration and the Pakistan Economy 77 II Effects of Remittances on Patterns of Consumption and Production 80 III The Effects of Migration on the Distribution of Income 82 v viii ix x xii

vi Contents IV The Effect of Remittances on the Labour Market 85 V The Effect of Remittances on the Balance of Payments 86 VI The Political and Social Impact of Migration: Class Formation and the Effect on the Opposition Movements 88 VII Islamic Influence 91 VIII Returning Migrants and Their Reassimilation into Pakistan's Economy 92 5 Marriage and Power: Tradition and Transition in an Urban Punjabi Community Michael D. Fischer 97 I Greentown 99 II Marriage Candidates 100 III Finding a Candidate 101 IV Preparation for Arranging a Marriage 104 V Financing a Marriage 104 VI Exogamous Marriages 106 VII The Concept of Izzat 108 VIII Marriage and Izzat 111 IX Marriage Strategy 113 X Conclusion 118 6 Pakistani Women in a Changing Society Hamza Alavi 124 7 Competing Doctors, Unequal Patients: Stratified Medicine in Lahore Wenonah Lyon 143 I Pluralistic Medical Models 145 II Medical Care in Lahore 146 III The Community 148 IV Medical Care in Greentown 150 V The Clinic 156 VI Conclusion 158 8 Nationhood and the Nationalities in Pakistan Hamza Alavi 163 I 'Official Nationalism' 164 II The Salariat 165 III Salariat-based National Movement 168 IV Assertion of Regional Identities 171

Contents Vll V The Case of Sindh VI Muhajir Politics VII Emergence of Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz VIII Extending Sindhi Identity IX Strands in Sindhi Leadership X The N ai:vety of the Left XI The 1988 Elections 9 Factionalism and Violence in British Pakistani Politics 173 175 177 179 181 183 Pnina Werbner 188 I Blocs and Factions 189 II The Three Arenas 192 III The Emergence of New Factional Alliances 196 IV Patronage and Leadership 205 V Ideology and Leadership 210 VI Postscript: The Aftermath of Violence 212 10 Ulema and Pir in the Politics of Pakistan 185 Saifur Rahman Sherani 216 I Mysticism in the Subcontinent 216 II Saints, Sufis, Pirs and Ulema 219 III The Power of Pirs 220 IV Types of Pir 224 V Types of Ulema 226 VI Barelvi and Deobandi 227 VII Ulema and Pirs in the Politics of Pakistan 229 VIII Conclusion 241 11 Migration, Death and Martyrdom in Rural Pakistan Akbar S. Ahmed 247 I Chakwal Tehsil 248 II The Hawkes Bay Case 249 III Social Change, Leadership and Kinship in Chakwal Society 257 IV Death, Sects and Women in Muslim Society 261 Index 269

List of Tables 1.1 Urban growth in Pakistan 13 2.1 Characteristics of the respondents 43 2.2 Development of the plot price-earnings ratio 45 2.3 Increased income and plot prices 47 2.4 Number of moves before arriving at present residence 52 2.5 Time interval and respondents' year of arrival 53 2.6 Time needed to consolidate and family migration status 54 2.7 Time needed to consolidate, year of arrival and family migration status 55 2.8 Time needed to consolidate and expanded family 57 3.1 Frequency of replies regarding alternative ways of spending money by 'rich' people living in 'inferior' ~u~ ~ 3.2 Possibility of obtaining loans and sources of loans 69 3.3 Opinions on the safest way to keep money 70 3.4 Frequency of replies to the question: what would your family do if you fell seriously ill? 71 4.1 Remittances from the Middle East 79 4.2 Remittance spending patterns 81 4.3 Use of electricity by economic groups 81 4.4 Occupational composition of migrant population 83 4.5 Estimates of direct income transfers due to recruitment intermediation, 1977-85 85 4.6 Balance of payment 87 4.7 Provincial composition of migrant population compared with provincial composition of national population 90 4.8 Share of countries in total Asian labour migration flow to all destinations, 1977-85 92 5.1 Marriage by degree of relationship for different origin groups 102 9.1 Mobilisation events during 1987-8 208 10.1 Distinguishing features of Ulema and Pirs 227 10.2 Literacy ratio by sex and rural and urban areas of Pakistan, 1981 229 10.3 Urban composition of the population of Pakistan, 1951-81 229 viii

List of Figures 2.1 Orangi Township 4.1 Remittances by Pakistani migrants 9.1 Factional alliances, 1987-8 11.1 Kinship chart of Naseem Fatima 41 78 201 255 ix

Notes on the Contributors Akbar S. Ahmed was Commissioner in Quetta, Pakistan before taking up his present position as the Allama Iqbal Fellow/Chair in Pakistan Studies at the University of Cambridge. He has published widely on Pakistan society and is the author of many books, the most recent of which include Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society and Pakistan Society: Islam, Ethnicity and Leadership in South Asia. Hamza Alavi taught for many years in the Department of Sociology at the University of Manchester, and since retiring has served as Visiting Professor at the Universities of Denver and California. He has written extensively on the peasantry and the post-colonial state and has co-edited several books including Sociology of Developing Societies, Capitalism and Colonial Production, State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan, and Sociology of South Asia. Hastings Donnan is Senior Lecturer in Social Anthropology at The Queen's University of Belfast. He is the author of Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan and co-editor of Social Anthropology and Public Policy in Northern Ireland. Michael Fischer is Lecturer in Social Anthropology and Computing at the University of Kent. He has written a number of articles on artificial intelligence and expert systems, and on the relevance of these to social anthropology. Wenonah Lyon received a PhD from the University of Texas at Austin in 1986. She has taught social anthropology part time at the University of Kent at Canterbury, and is now a Research Assistant at Imperial College, London. Omar Noman is a Research Associate at Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford and Director of the Economic Policy Research Unit, Lahore. He is the author of The Political Economy of Pakistan 1947-85 and is currently preparing a book on The Impact of Aid on Pakistan. X

Notes on the Contributors xi Frits Selier is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Cultural Anthropology/Development Sociology at Free University, Amsterdam. He is the author of Rural-Urban Migration in Pakistan and co-editor of Migration in Pakistan. Saifur Rahman Sherani has been until recently a lecturer in the University of Baluchistan, Quetta and is currently a research consultant with development agencies in Pakistan. Jan van der Linden is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Cultural Anthropology/Development Sociology at Free University, Amsterdam. He is the author of The Sites and Services Approach Reviewed: Solution or Stopgap to the Third World Housing Shortage? and a co-author of Squatter Settlements in Pakistan: The Impact of Upgrading. Pnina Werbner is a Research Associate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Manchester. She has written widely on many different aspects of Pakistani life in Britain and is the author of The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings among British Pakistanis. She is also editor of Person, Myth and Society in South Asian Islam and co-editor of Black and Ethnic Leaderships in Britain.

Acknowledgements The editors would like to acknowledge their gratitude to all those who participated in a series of workshops on Pakistan society at the University of Manchester's field-centre in Satterthwaite, over the last three years, for their encouragement and support in preparing this volume. They would also like to thank the Royal Anthropological Institute for permission to print a revised version of Akbar Ahmed's 'Death in Islam' and Patricia McKnight and Lorna Goldstrom of the Secretarial Centre at The Queen's University, Belfast, for their impeccable work in typing the final manuscript. HASTINGS DONNAN PNINA WERBNER xii