The First World War 2. Long-Term Causes 1. National interests/unity comes before global cooperation Nations foreign affairs guided by own Problems arise when borders don t equal national borders I.E. Bosnian Serbs/Russia France & Germany compete to lead Europe 3. 2. Economic with other countries The belief in the moral superiority of the culture & competition with other nations 4. 2. Imperialism France, England, Germany, Russia & Japan Compete for Markets for Prestige Stronger nations extend their control over weaker territories 5. 3. Roosevelt Corollary diplomacy - disorder in Latin America could result in United States i - Develop military strength as tool for diplomacy U.S., too speak softly & carry a big stick. Germany conducted huge military buildup Great Britain v. Germany European countries & U.S. compete in extensive arms race 6. - Two major alliance groups form Competition fear alliances 7. United States France Great Britain Italy 8. Sparks the War Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Austria-Hungary blame for his assassination Member of Black Hand, Secret Society Aim to unite all Serbs under one government 9. Style of War Different Chain reaction under Alliance System 1. Strategies 2. Innovation 3. Casualties Style of War Naval Blockades U-boats & torpedoes Convoy System Trench warfare stalemate slaughter 1
10. Expanse of land between the French/English and the Germans opposing. Trench Warfare infested - 2 people could pass Mud - little shelter Shell craters - attack at dawn Filled with - hopeless Slaughter of troops 11. U.S. helped win the war Broke German blockade with the Barrier of across the North Sea between Norway & Scotland Freshness & enthusiasm to fight Helped stop on Paris & several other French cities 12. Casualties of War > 50 million 9 million dead Shell Shock Trench foot (amputation) Trench mouth 13. U.S. enters war Reasons Neutrality v sympathy for allies British Blockade American lives & goods lost 128 Americans Turns American public opinion against Germany to ally with Regain NM, AZ, & TX Angered Wilson concludes the U.S. involvement in the war can t wait any longer Sinking of unarmed merchant ships Loss of U.S. lives & goods Russian Revolution Provisional Gov (Democracy) Wilson make the world safe for democracy Ends justify means Peace/freedom justifies war 14. 1. Effect American ships carrying for Germany refused to challenge blockade Seldom reached destination Difficult for Germany to get food & chemical fertilizers Result: FAMINE 750K 15. Key Ideas Section 1 Long-term tensions erupt into a devastating war among European nations, while the U. S. tries to remain neutral 16. Long-Term Causes of WWI 11.1 Growing sense of, & fuels competitiveness & antagonism in Europe Growth of nationalism & imperialism leads to in powerful nations Fears & jealousies among these nations results in creation of 2 major defense alliances, the & the Support each other if attacked 17. An Assassination Leads to War Balkan Peninsula = powder keg Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparks the First World War 2
Alliance system forces many nations into war 18. Fighting Starts Germany invades Belgium Armies use trench warfare to fight for small areas of land Fighting is deadlocked for 2 years 19. American Neutrality Most American entering the war Public opinion divided Economic & cultural ties with Britain & reports of German atrocities gain American sympathy for Allies 20. The United States Enters the War British naval blockade creates terrible food shortages in Germany German U-boats sink British ships, including passenger liners, & turn American public opinion against Germany Wilson elected 1912 and reelected 1916 Neutrality platform Events push him to declare war 21. After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the alliance system drew many of the world s nations into war Wilson wanted & economic concerns cause Wilson to make declaration of war (April, 1917). America prepares for war 22. Chapter 11.2 American Military Mobilization Called for Volunteers - Build up troop numbers thru = conscription (requires men to register with the government, so that some can be selected for military service) Solved the militaries of men and thus a powerful army 24 million registered 3 million chosen by lottery Ages 18 45 Exemptions Married or Dependents 1/5 foreign-born Hadn't attended high school Accepted Exempted workers from the draft Ran a public relations campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard work Training Short on weapons used rocks, sticks, etc. 23. Opposition to war in all forms Christians and Marxists objected to fighting With conscription (draft) men who refused to fight were arrested Many assigned noncombat roles 24. Women Not drafted Non-combat With rank (except Army Corp of Nurses) Secretaries, nurses & telephone operators African-Americans Over-represented Segregated units some Excluded from army & marines Separate living & recreational quarters 25. America Goes to War Bridge to France Transport Troops & supplies to Europe Drastic increase in shipbuilding 3
Shipyard workers exempt from draft or received deferred classification techniques standard parts built in another place = assembled at yard New construction of luxury ships for private owners taken over by gov for war ships importance of shipyard work Merchant ships protected from German U-Boats by U.S. Navy Travel in large group with guard of destroyers & cruisers Depth-Charges laid down for U-boats RESULT: Loss of Allied vessels stopped, U-boats couldn t get through 26. (AEF) Value = Fresh, Enthusiastic American Troops American infantrymen s nickname - wore white belts that they cleaned with pipe clay or dough General John J. Commander of American Expeditionary Force Independent Force not just Allied Replacements Pushed Germans back from near Paris 48K killed in battle 62K of disease 200k & wounded (person who opposes warfare on moral grounds) WAR HERO Armed with only a rifle and a revolver, he killed 25 Germans and, with 6 other soldiers, captured 132 prisoners. Shot down 26 enemy planes, he was American s leading ace pilot in WWI. 27. New Weapons Mechanized war Cannon launch 75 miles = cleared path for infantry = chlorine (suffocation) Gas Masks airship = drop bombs Observation balloons s - airplanes Interrupter gear allowed stream of bullets to avoid propeller blades 28.. 29. Fall of Germany 1918 Naval Social Rebellion German Republic abdicates (resigns) throne Netherlands Why? Exhaustion of German military & economy 11/11/18 Cease-fire declared at 11 AM 30. Final Toll of WW I war to that time 26 million dead ½ civilians (disease, starvation, exposure) 20 million wounded 10 million refugees Direct Cost > $350 billion United Stated suffers FEWEST casualties 31. Summary Section 2 American forces, though poorly equipped at the out-set, tip the balance decisively in favor of the Allies. 32. American Power Tips the Balance 11.2 Congress afraid draft = unwilling army = 10 million men register for combat under Selective Service Act Women not drafted some fill noncombat positions 4
Black soldiers in segregated units Some Black soldiers fight on front lines 33. American Success in Combat U.S. constructs ships = expand fleet for war Allies break German blockade General Pershing American soldiers fight as force U.S. helps turn tide against 34. Fighting Over There New, terrifying weapons change the face of warfare Medical services can t keep up with physical & emotional wounds of combat 35. Collapse of Germany German people rebel against the war & Kaiser Germany agrees to armistice 1918 Death toll staggering 36. Chapter 11.3 World War I at Home 37. War-Time Economy Bernard Baruch - Head of Encouraged companies to use techniques & to standardize products and increase production of war supplies. Baruch known as : able to quickly assemble, coordinate and distribute information about war and Price controls = Retail prices Production targets Efficiency mass production Eliminate waste Allocated raw materials Psychological testing for job placement 38. Side Effects Impact on Behavior/lifestyles Fashion wire in corsets, tall leather shoes, hemlines Consumption (Ben Franklin proposed) Volunteer Efforts Employment Patterns/ Wages/labor unions Prices Fund-raising Drives Propaganda to war to public 39. Effects Support of The number of women in jobs The number of African-American 40. War Causalities top four nations 41. Congress give power to Wilson Dealt with between management & labor working conditions Work or fight 8 hour day 5
Safety inspections Federal ban on child labor 42. Head of Food Administration - Produce & conserve food, rather than ration Voluntarily of food Observe meatless and wheatless days RESULT = food shipments to Women Wilson called for equal pay for equal work Lose jobs at end of war 43. War Financing - system of taxation that taxes higher incomes at a higher rate than lower incomes 1/3 of expenditures raised thru taxes Steeper income tax taxed high incomes at a higher rate War profits tax Higher tax on tobacco, liquor & luxury goods Borrowed from public 44. Gearing up the U.S. Economy for War Congress gives President direct control of economy Fix prices Regulate/nationalize war-related industries (WIB) 20% increase output of war supplies Retail prices & corporate profits 45. War Economy Industrial wages Union membership 6,000 + strikes Immigration labor shortage Work or Fight Women in industrial jobs 19 th Amendment move from rural South to Northern factories Volunteers food exports Financing war effort War Bonds 46. Promoted patriotism & Manufactured hate Information George Former Head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I Had paintings, posters, cartoons, etc. to promote the war 75,000 delivered pro-war speeches anytime, any place 47. American Society sentiment German surname name = lose job Orchestras = no Mozart, Bach, Beethoven Schools = no teaching of German language Libraries = remove books written by Germans Physical violence against American-Germans Liberty measles = German measles Liberty sandwich = Salisbury steak Liberty cabbage = sauerkraut Liberty pups Dachshunds 48. 6
Illegal to U.S. government involvement in WWI Don t be:, effort Don t interfere with The draft Stopping sale of gov bonds Stating anything, profane or abusive about gov war effort if against the war Publications couldn t be if against the war Targeted socialists & labor leaders Eugene Debs = 10 yr prison sentence Flu epidemic - 500 k died 49. Social Impact Civil Liberties conformity attacks Espionage & Sedition Acts First Amendment Violation Great Migration African-Americans move to Northern cities New problems in crowded cities New opportunities due to concentration Women s Role in Society Expands Active in war effort Popular support for 19 th Amendment Kills 500,000 in U.S. 1918 1919 Devastating to economy 50. Section 3 The war unleashes a series of disruptions in American society as the U.S. government attempts to meet the demands of modern warfare. 51. Congress Gives Power to Wilson War Industries Board established to regulate economy in interests of war effort Encouraged companies to use techniques & to standardize products Profits for farmers & war-related industries during war = prices Country unites in effort to help produce & conserve food 52. Selling the War Gov finances war by raising income & excise taxes & promotes sale of war bonds Gov set up nation s first propaganda agency to popularize war 53. Attacks on Civil Liberties Main targets of anti-immigrant hysteria immigrants Had ties to the nations they had from Espionage & Sedition Acts allow people to be arrested for anti-war activities = violation of First Amendment 54. Social Changes During the War War accelerates movement of Southern Blacks to Northern cities War provides more job opportunities for women 500,000 Americans die from flu 55. WWI brought change to American life Political Social Economic Americans faced deadly flu epidemic After war, people wanted Wilson to get peace settlement that would stop war forever 56. Germany s decision to surrender Severely A of its naval forces 7
A movement 57. Chapter 11.4 The war to end all wars The legacy of WW I I. Wilson Seeks Lasting Peace blue print for world peace Remedy the causes of war liberty & self-determination for all Open treaties - No Secret Treaties Freedom of Seas & Trade Tariffs lowered foster free trade Arms Reduction defense only Interests of colonial peoples Form a - Ethnic Groups choose homeland 58. The 14 th Point Provide a forum to settle (without war) organization Proposed by President Felt it would drag US into European conflicts 59. Allies Reject Wilson s Plan in Focus is v. Germany prohibit troop presence of soldiers, weapons, & military installations in an area after an agreement has been made to stop fighting $44 billion in (payment for war damages) Return of Alsace-Lorraine to France Clause Pay $33 billion in reparations Germans angered lead many Germans to support economic conditions German people starve, freeze to death, homeless German people didn t understand they lost the war U.S. never signs Why? Afraid of Foreign Entanglement, U.S. Senator Led the Conservative Republican opposition to the Treaty of Versailles Suspicious of the provision for, even though voluntary Wanted the treaty to declare the constitutional right of to declare war 60. Failure of Versailles Treaty not invited lose land of Germany look for scapegoats War Guilt Clause Germany pay reparations (war damages $$$$$$) USSR will try to regain land Wealthy industry Colonial instability not remedied EX. French Indochina 61. Colonial territories all of Germany s taken away SE Asia Appealed for his offer Founded Rebels against French and American forces ( ) 62. Section 4 8
President Wilson s plans for peace are modified by Allied leaders in Europe and by Americans who are eager to free the country from foreign entanglements. 63. Wilson at Versailles his plan for world peace delivered to Congress Allies most of his plan 64. Treaty of Versailles Weakens hopes for lasting peace in Europe Groups in U.S. oppose as too harsh Domestic opposition to the treaty centers on the 65. Wilson Feels L of N will provide forum for nations to talk thru problems Feels League won t limit Am independence in international affairs, but help achieve Critics think membership will involve U.S. in foreign wars & limit American self-determination Opponents to League = believe emphasis on moral rather than legal obligation weakens the organization 66. The Legacy of the War Many Germans shocked by the (agreement to quit fighting) & terms of Treaty of Versailles Desperate economic conditions in Germany help foster rise of & Party U.S. emerges as 67. The Wilson's Fourteen Points, instead drew up their own provisions in the Treaty of Versailles. Senate U.S. membership in the League of Nations. Most Americans did not want any more involvement in European affairs. Treaty sewed seeds of WW II 68. Overview After the U.S. enters WW I & helps to defeat Germany, President Wilson tries to fashion a lasting peace. 69. Think Abouts The Balkans Serbs, Croats, & Muslims. What is the situation today? Ho Chi Minh Would Vietnam War have occurred if Wilson had acknowledged his proposal? 70. (ICC) Created to regulate the 71. Sensationalized & exaggerated the One of the causes of the Spanish-American-Cuban War 72. Program, to benefit the common man Support for workers Railroad regulation Consumer Conservation 73. Naval commander that sunk the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay during the Spanish American-Cuban War 74. Worked for prohibition by scolding saloon customers & destroying bottles of liquor with a hatchet 75. Form of business merger in which the major stockholders in several corporations turn over their stock to a group of trustees in order to eliminate competition 9
76. Initiative bill originated by people, not lawmakers Referendum vote on the bill remove public, elected officials thru another election before end of term Direct primary voters chose candidates for public office thru popular election 77. T. Roosevelt Win s for negotiating end to Russo-Japanese War. 78. Causes for declaration of war against Spain in 1898 Explosion of the U.S.S. criticizing President McKinley 79. U.S. gained control of the land it needed to build the Panama Canal & Panamanian independence 80. Open Door Policy designed to: The establishment of governments The desire to foreign nations 81. Countries that came under some kind of U.S. control as a result of the Spanish-American War The 82. Amendment allows the Congress to levy an Government lost revenues by enacting Conservatives, proposed a constitutional amendment enacting such a tax 83. Amendment Direct election of 84. Amendment Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted. Woodrow Wilson President 85. The Upton Sinclair Exposed unsanitary conditions in the 86. Management introduced into factories Workers could perform tasks quicker 87. Journalists wrote about side of business, government, and public life in magazines Ida M. Tarbell - Muckraker Wrote about Standard Oil - Rockefeller 10