Goal 10: WWII & the Beginning of the Cold War
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia Nationalism Post-War years brought loyalty to ones country above all else and Dreams of territorial expansion Failures of WWI Peace Treaty of Versailles caused hatred towards Allies New Democratic govts. After WWI floundered People turned to authoritarian leaders to solve the economic problems Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII Joseph Stalin (man of steel) Hopes for democracy faded under civil war and communism rose Stalin focused on creating a model communist state Government ran country Stalin wanted to transform the Soviet Union into a industrial power all costs (human and financial) Totalitarian govt. emerged Govt. that tried to exert complete control over its people Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and Adolf Hitler US entry into WWII At the end of WWI, Hitler a jobless soldier found the Nazi Party Being a powerful speaker he quickly became the parties leader (Der Fuhrer) Nazism» German brand of Fascism (extreme nationalism)» Hitler also wanted to enforce racial purification: blue eyed blonde hair Aryans inferior races such as Jews were only fit to serve Aryans 3 rd Reich was established» Germany needed to expand by force if necessary Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and Benito Mussolini US entry into WWII Establishing a totalitarian govt. in Italy The Rise of Fascism in Italy Stressing nationalism and placing the states needs above individuals needs Mussolini won the hearts and minds of Italians because of his efficiency Again the totalitarian govt. came at a price Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and Kellogg Briand Pact Born out of the popularity of isolationism in the US Ignored by 3 of the signing countries (Germany, Italy, and Japan) Militarism US entry into WWII Using military to control govt. Emperor Hirohito Japanese Army takes control of the Chinese province of Manchuria Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII Hitler began to send troops into the Rhineland, a German region bordering France Mussolini invades Ethiopia Civil war breaks out in Spain Francisco Franco backed by German and Italian troops secured a totalitarian govt. in Spain This brought Italy and Germany into an alliance Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and Great Britain and France Appeasement US entry into WWII Munich Pact Germany retakes Austria Germany takes the Sudetenland (West Czech.) Hitler told France and GB that this would be his last territorial demand» Munich Pact was signed turning Czech over without firing a single shot Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII US responds cautiously Because of the Kellogg Briand Pact US stayed neutral Americans clung to isolationism Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts Outlawed loans and weapons selling to countries at war or countries in a civil war FDR s Quarantine Speech No part of the world is truly isolated Informal Alliance with peace loving nations Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and Winston Churchill US entry into WWII Signing the Munich Pact, was a shameful policy of Appeasement (Hitler is not finished) The German Offensive Begins March 15, 1939 Hitler pushed into what remained of Czech. Turing his sights to Poland Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII Soviet Union declares neutrality Soviet Union and Germany sign a pact to never attack each other Secretly Stalin and Hitler signed a 2 nd pact to divide Poland between them This sealed Poland s fate On September 1, 1939 the German Luftwaffe (air force) roared over Poland The invasion was the 1 st test of Germany s newest military strategy Blitzkrieg» Lightning war: new advances in military tech; such as faster tanks and powerful aircraft, crushing the enemy quickly (WWII had begin) Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII France and Britain fight on Hitler pushes his army through the Ardennes towards Paris As British and French troops retreated Hitler occupied France The Battle of Britain The Blitz In the Summer of 1940 German bombers began to destroy Britain by air Germany failed at destroying Britain's navy Hitler called off the invasion of Britain but continued to bomb the cities Allies vs. Axis Powers Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and Neutrality Acts Cash and Carry FDR persuaded Congress to pass this provision allowing arms to be sold to Britain and France Pay cash and carry it yourself Lend-Lease Act US entry into WWII As Britain ran out of money FDR proposed this act to help stop Hitler s advancement into the US Lend or lease anything that was necessary in the defense of the US» Four Freedoms Speech (speech, worship, want, and fear) Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and Japan s Ambitions in the Pacific US entry into WWII Germany s Expansion did little for Japan Japan began their southward push in July of 1941 The Attack on Pearl Harbor On December 7 1941 Japanese Planes roared into Pearl Harbor and sinking or damaging 21 ships, Killing 2,403 Americans Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII See Goal 10 Video Section Pearl Harbor Chapter 19 37
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII Reaction to Pearl Harbor FDR: I never wanted to have to fight this war on two fronts Congress quickly approved FDR s declaration of war against Japan 3 days later Germany and Italy declared war on the US Chapter 19
Objective 10.01: Causes of WWI and US entry into WWII Japanese Forces Take Philippines Douglas MacArthur was in command of allied troops in the Philippines (USAFA) MacArthur escaped to Australia Japanese forces quickly overran and forced surrender of US and Filipino troops Bataan Death March 90 miles of grueling journey Chapter 19
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points The Eastern Front & the Mediterranean The Battle of Stalingrad Germans approached Stalingrad in the summer of 1942 They took 9/10 of the city Then winter set in and the Soviets went on the offensive» They eventually took the city back but lost 1,100,000 soldiers» Even though there were staggering losses. Soviets began to move westward towards Germany
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points The Battle for Stalingrad See Goal 10 Video Section The Battle of Stalingrad 12
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Dwight Eisenhower The North African Front Operation Torch 107,000 Allied troops majority of them American landed in N. Africa George Patton After months of heavy fighting, all German resistance was crushed Casablanca Unconditional surrender Increase bombing of Germany & attack Italy
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points The Italian Campaign Churchill thought the next logical place to go was Italy Germany began to resist which would make it tough for all out victory As troops quickly took Sicily, Mussolini was captured and killed Gave Allies complete control over western Mediterranean
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Heroes in Combat Tuskegee Airman Registered it s 1 st air victory over Italy Highly decorated unit
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Turning the tide in the Pacific Japanese Plans Take Midway an American naval base vital to the defense of Hawaii Establish a military presence in the Aleutians Admiral Chester Nimitz Commander of the US Navy in the Pacific Navy code breakers intercepted Japanese plans
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Battle of Midway Most important naval battle of WWII Winning the battle signified a turning point in the Pacific Campaign This began an Island hopping campaign The Allies go on the Offensive Guadalcanal Marked Japans first defeat on land Marines began landing in the Philippines Liberating POW s
Objective 10.03: Effects of War on the US home front War Production Board A Production Miracle Decided which companies would convert, nationwide drives to collect scrap metal, and rationing Automobile plants shut down for a few weeks to retool and begin making tanks Defense contractors warned the Selective Service System there is not enough workers Women stepped up and filled the gap Rosie the Riveter
Objective 10.03: Effects of War on the US home front Americans Join the War Effort Selective Service and the GI Many young Americans jammed the recruiting offices looking to join the war The Draft expanded recruitment Women s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)» Worked as nurses, radio operators
Objective 10.03: Effects of War on the US home front War Bonds Advertisements, posters, and even movie stars people to buy war bonds The government raised 60 million Rationing the government asked people to sacrifice resources Victory gardens and ration stamps
Objective 10.03: Effects of War on the US home front Great Migration Over 2 million African Americans moved north for factory jobs They still faced racism and even resentment for taking jobs Propaganda Posters & newsreels US government needed strong public support Ads in patriotic themes and positive news reels
Objective 10.03: Effects of War on the US home front Civil Liberties German and Italian immigrants were held in camps Others faced curfews or travel restrictions Japanese Internment West Coast leaders convinced FDR, Japanese were untrustworthy and they should be forced to move Korematsu v. US (1944) Upheld wartime internment policy
Objective 10.03: Effects of War on the US home front GI Bill Job Priority, money for education, training and loans for purchasing homes Because of the GI Bill and as service men returned from war we saw a rise in middle class William J. Levitt He met the demand for middle class housing by introducing mass production of housing Levittowns Baby boomers Families reunited meant lots of buns in the ovens
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Western Front Tehran Conference Soviet Troops have done most of the fighting in Europe Stalin wanted a 2 nd front (split German forces) FDR sympathized and a Churchill gave in
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points D-Day: June 6, 1944 (Operation Overlord) The largest land-sea-air operation in Army history Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes Supreme Allied Commander Patton set up fictional army across from Calais Allies land on 5 beaches in Normandy The Allies push inland Omar Bradley unleashed massive air and land bombardment at St. Lo George Patton moves toward Paris and 2 days later liberates the capital
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Clearing the Beach See Goal 10 Video Section Clearing the Beach 22
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Holocaust The systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe Although Jews were not the only targeted race they were the center of Nazi s targets
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points The Battle of the Bulge Last-gasp offensive Hitler orders his troops to break through American lines trying to cut off supply lines German tanks drove 60 miles into allied territory» After a month of fighting German troops were pushed back, signifying a turning point in the war Liberation of the death camps Allied troops were completely horrified at what they witnessed
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Liberating the Death Camp See Goal 10 Video Section Liberating the Death Camp 12
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Hitler s death On April 29 th Hitler wrote out a last statement to the German people He blamed the Jews for everything and the next day shot himself and his wife swallowed poison V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day) May 8, 1945 Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the 3 rd Reich Roosevelt never lived to see V-E day Harry S. Truman stepped into his enormous shoes
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Iwo Jima 20,700 Japanese protected this 5 mile long island, 650 miles from Tokyo 23,000 Marine casualties and only 200 Japanese survived Okinawa Vital airbase 340 miles from Japan 50,000 Marine causalities 110,00 Japanese died Bombers can now reach Japan for bombing raids
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points The atomic bomb Ends the war Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (Research director) On August 6,1945 a B-29 bomber released an atomic bomb over Hiroshima (Little boy) Three days later a 2 nd bomb was released over Nagasaki (Fat man)
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Emperor Hirohito surrendered on board the US battleship Missouri on September 2nd (V-J) day Japan was occupied by US forces and later its government was reshaped into a democracy Potsdam Harry S. Truman, Clement Atlee, and Stalin meet Germany would divided up into 4 zones
Objective 10.02: Military, political, and diplomatic turning points Nuremburg war trials Allies put 24 surviving Nazi military leaders on trial for war crimes 12 were sentenced to death and 12 went to prison, many other went free The United Nations (UN) On June 6, 1945; 50 nations met to set up a new peacekeeping body Security Council US, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China» Can declare war on any country as long as all agree