African Independence Movements After World War I, many Africans organized to end colonial rule in their countries.
African Independence Movements (cont.) Opposition to colonial rule escalated and Africans became more politically active after World War I. In Nigeria, resistance was started by the king of Lagos and the educated Africans who wanted a democratic government.
African Independence Movements (cont.) In Kenya, the British colonial government took land from the black Africans and gave it to white settlers.
African Independence Movements (cont.) Libya used guerrilla warfare against the Italians to gain more freedoms.
African Independence Movements (cont.) W.E.B. Du Bois, an African American, led a movement to make all Africans aware of their heritage. Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican living in Harlem, wanted to unite all Africans under a movement called Pan- Africanism.
African Independence Movements (cont.) Jomo Kenyatta was educated in Great Britain and argued that colonial rule was destroying the traditional cultures of the peoples of Africa. Léopold Senghor was educated in France, wrote poetry about African culture, and organized an independence movement in Senegal.
African Independence Movements (cont.) Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria started a newspaper that urged nonviolence as a method to gain independence.
Revolution in Asia In the 1920s, the Comintern helped to spread communism throughout Asia.
Revolution in Asia (cont.) By the end of 1920, almost every colonial society in Asia had a Communist Party. Lenin and the Bolsheviks proved that a revolutionary Marxist party could overturn an outdated system even in the mostly agricultural nations of Asia. Agents were trained in Moscow and returned to their own countries to form Marxist parties.
Revolution in Asia (cont.) Ho Chi Minh trained in Moscow and returned to French Indochina to organize the Vietnamese Communists. In China, the Communist party worked together with the Nationalist Party to fight against foreign control. Most of the Communist parties in the 1930s failed to gain support among the majority of the population.
Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru led India s independence movement.
Indian Independence (cont.) Even before World War I, Mohandas Gandhi was active in the Indian independence movement. The Indian people called him Mahatma, or India s Great Soul. Gandhi organized mass protests against British law using methods of civil disobedience.
Indian Independence (cont.) In 1935 Britain passed the Government of India Act, which created a two-house parliament and granted the right to vote to five million Indians. Two-thirds of the parliament s Indian members were to be elected. The Indian National Congress (INC) originally fought for reforms but later pushed for full independence.
Indian Independence (cont.) Gandhi began a nonviolent campaign against British laws by encouraging Indians to: Not pay their taxes Not send their children to Englishsupported schools Make their own cloth Harvest their own salt Boycott British-made goods
Indian Independence (cont.) The Indian independence movement became divided and split into two paths: One group identified with Gandhi, religion, and tradition. The other group identified with Jawaharlal Nehru and his secular, Western, and modern approach.
Indian Independence (cont.) Another division began to separate India when Muslims became dissatisfied with the Hindudominated INC and created the Muslim League.
A Militarist Japan By the late 1920s, militant forces in Japan were campaigning for an end to peaceful policies.
A Militarist Japan (cont.) During the Meiji Era, Japan developed a modern industrial and commercial sector. The four largest zaibatsu controlled large percentages of Japanese industries. Economic inequalities existed as a result of the zaibatsus concentration of wealth. Rapid population growth, food shortages, and the Great Depression led to a wish to return to traditional Japanese values.
A Militarist Japan (cont.) Traditionalists opposed Western influence and wanted Japan to use its own strength to dominate Asia and meet its needs. In 1922 the United States held a conference with other Western nations and signed a treaty recognizing the territorial integrity of China and maintaining the Open Door policy. Japan agreed to the terms in return for acceptance of its control of southern Manchuria.
A Militarist Japan (cont.) The Japanese government soon came under pressure to find new sources for raw materials abroad. Without government approval, an extremist group of army officers invaded and eventually conquered all of Manchuria. The government was soon dominated by the military and other supporters of Japanese expansionism.
A Militarist Japan (cont.) Education and culture were purged of Western ideas, traditional values were stressed, and all political parties were merged into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
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