America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 1: The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Legislation Theme 2: African American Response People on the Move Theme 3: Progressive Legislation Theme 4: A New Foreign Policy Debating America s New Role Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 1 Government and the People Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

The Origins of Progressivism Chapter 18, Section 1 What were the key goals of Progressives? How did the ideas of Progressive writers help to inspire new reform movements? What reform organizations and what women reformers took up Progressive causes? Why did Progressive reforms meet with resistance?

The Progressive Era Chapter 18, Section 1 Rapid industrialization, immigration, and urbanization in the late 1800s led to national growth and prosperity. The rapid growth also caused poverty, unemployment, deplorable working conditions and political corruption. Many Progressives believed that political action and reform, not private charities, were the methods to bring about progress in society. Historians call the period from about 1890 1920 the Progressive Era.

The Progressives: Their Goals and Beliefs Chapter 18, Section 1 Progressives were not a single unified movement. They fell into four categories: social, moral, economic, and political. Some common basic beliefs were: 1. Government should be more accountable to its citizens. 2. Government should curb the power and influence of wealthy interests. 3. Government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens. 4. Governments should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they could competently handle an expanded role.

Igniting Reform: Writers and Their New Ideas Chapter 18, Section 1 The ideas of many writers and journalists influenced public opinion about how to reform society. Journalists investigated and publicized conditions in certain industries, slums, tenement houses, and sweat shops. Theodore Roosevelt called the journalists muckrakers. Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, and Ida Tarbell were respected writers and muckrakers.

Progressive Reform Organizations Chapter 18, Section 1 The Labor Movement Socialists Women s Groups Employers discouraged union membership. Courts often issued injunctions, court orders prohibiting a certain activity, preventing workers from going on strike. Unions continued to fight for better working conditions. The Progressive Era saw a rise in socialism. American socialists hoped to use the ballot box, not revolution, to end the capitalist system and distribute wealth more equally. The National Consumers League (NCL) investigated how goods were made and sold. They discouraged people from buying from shops that employed child labor. All women s groups agreed that women s suffrage was an important cause.

The Pressure to Expand Assessment Chapter 18, Section 1 Which of the following was a goal of the Progressives? (A) Government should be more accountable to its citizens. (B) Government should curb the power and influence of wealthy interests. (C) Government should be given expanded powers so that it can become more active in improving the lives of its citizens. (D) All of the above Which of the following was a Progressive reform organization? (A) The Labor movement (B) The Socialists (C) The National Consumers League (D) All of the above

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 2 Who are the Americans Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

African American Response White individuals employed vigilante-style violence to keep blacks in their place, and even law enforcement agencies helped uphold the separate and unequal society. Sadly, Texas ranked third nationally in the lynching of black persons, as mobs murdered more than 100 black people between 1900 and 1910. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was formed partly in response to the continuing horrific practice of lynching and the 1908 race riot in Springfield, the capital of Illinois and resting place of President Abraham Lincoln. Founded Feb. 12. 1909, the NAACP's principal objective is to ensure the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority group citizens of United States and eliminate race prejudice. The NAACP seeks to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes.

People on the Move Chapter 15, Section 2 What were the experiences of immigrants in the late 1800s and early 1900s? What different challenges did immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Mexico face?

The Immigrant Experience Chapter 15, Section 2 Immigrants came to the United States fleeing crop failures, shortages of land and jobs, rising taxes, famine, and religious and political persecution. In the 1880s in Russia many Jewish people fled a wave of pogroms, or violent massacres of Jews. Steam-powered ships could cross the Atlantic Ocean in two or three weeks. Most immigrants traveled in steerage, a large open area beneath the ship s deck. Between 1865 and 1890 about 10 million immigrants arrived. Most came from northwestern and central Europe. In the 1890s, most new immigrants came from central, southern, and eastern Europe and the Middle East. More than 70 percent of all immigrants came through New York City which was called the Golden Door.

Immigrants from Europe Chapter 15, Section 2 In 1892, the federal government required all new immigrants to undergo a physical exam. Immigrants with contagious diseases, such as tuberculosis, faced quarantine, a time of isolation to prevent the spread of disease. Urban neighborhoods dominated by one ethnic or racial group of immigrants were called ghettos. Some ghettos formed because immigrants felt more comfortable living near people with the same language and traditions. Other ghettos formed from restrictive covenants, when homeowners agreed not to sell real estate to certain groups. Still other ghettos formed when ethnic groups isolated themselves because of threats of violence, mostly from whites. The goal of Nativism was to restrict and control immigration & immigrants (by controlling their behavior, & limiting their movement, opportunities, schooling, etc.)

Immigrants from Europe Chapter 15, Section 2

Immigrants from Asia Chapter 15, Section 2 Most immigrants who entered the United States through the West Coast were from Asia. Chinese and Japanese formed the largest groups. In the mid-1800s, American railroad companies recruited about a quarter of a million Chinese workers. Under pressure from labor unions, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. The act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country. It was not repealed until 1943. The Asiatic Exclusion League was a white supremacist organization active along thewest Coast of the United States and Canada through the early twentieth century. Its supporters were primarily English speaking labor union members who opposed all forms of Asian immigration because of the downward pressure on wages that Asian immigrants caused

Immigrants from Asia Chapter 15, Section 2 In 1906, the San Francisco school board ruled that all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students should attend separate schools. The Japanese government condemned the policy. President Theodore Roosevelt made a compromise with the Japanese government. It was called the Gentlemen s Agreement because it was not official. It called for San Francisco to end it s policy and for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers.

Immigrants from Mexico Chapter 15, Section 2 Employers hired Mexican laborers to work on farms, ranches, and mines. They also helped construct railroads in the southwest. The Newlands Reclamation Act, also called the U.S. Reclamation Act, authorized the federal government to commission water diversion, retention and transmission projects in arid lands, particularly in the far west. The passage of the Newlands Act promoting the development of large scale irrigation projects, southwestern agriculture shifted from a ranch-based economy to seasonal commercial agriculture using migratory workers. The rapid growth of mining, railroads, and large-scale commercial agriculture in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Southwest could not have occurred without low-cost labor from Mexico.

People on the Move Assessment Chapter 15, Section 2 What was the Gentlemen s Agreement? A) An agreement to secure jobs for Russian immigrants in return for American manufactured goods. B) A compromise that China would provide more labor for the railroads in return for American wheat. C) A compromise that schools in the United States would not segregate Japanese students in exchange for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers. D) A compromise between homeowners not to sell real estate to certain groups of people. What was a restrictive covenant? A) Immigrants felt more comfortable living near people with the same language and traditions. B) The labor party did not want Chinese people lowering pay rates. C) A compromise between homeowners not to sell real estate to certain groups of people. D) A group of people that wanted to sell their land to speculators.

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 3 Economic and Social Change Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Progressive Legislation Chapter 18, Section 2 How did Progressives wish to expand the role of government? What municipal and state reforms did Progressives achieve? What reforms did Theodore Roosevelt champion as President?

An Expanded Role for Government Chapter 18, Section 2 Progressives sought more social welfare programs to help ensure a minimum standard of living. Many of the earliest Progressive reforms were made at the municipal, or city, level. Some municipal reformers worked for home rule, a system that gives cities a limited degree of self-rule. Municipal reformers opposed the influence of political bosses. Some reform mayors led movements for city-supported welfare services such as public baths, parks, work-relief programs, playgrounds, kindergartens, and lodging houses for the homeless.

Municipal Reforms Chapter 18, Section 2 In some cities voter support for reforms prompted machine politicians to work with reformers. Together they improved city cervices, established public health programs and workplace reforms, and enforced tenement codes. Due to natural disasters cities experimented with a commission of appointed administrators to replace the mayor. This worked so effectively that larger cities adopted a council-manager government. Typically, this system includes an elected city council, which sets laws and appoints a professional city manager to run city cervices. Reformers made efforts to regulate or dislodge the monopolies that provided city utilities such as water, gas, and electricity.

State Reforms Chapter 18, Section 2 Citizens fought for, and won, such measures as secret ballots, referendum votes, and the recall. Citizens could petition and get initiatives on the ballot. In 1899, Minnesota passed the first statewide primary system Under the progressive Republican leadership of Robert La Follette, Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business. He called on academic experts to help draft reform legislation. To get it passed, he had the voting roll call read publicly in the districts of legislators who opposed reform. He drew on academics and citizen committees to run regulatory agencies. The Wisconsin Idea of a public-academic alliance to improve government became known nationwide.

Roosevelt s View of the Presidency Chapter 18, Section 2 From Governor to Vice President Roosevelt s rise to governor of New York upset the Republican political machine. To get rid of the progressive Roosevelt, party bosses got him elected as vice president, a position with little power at that time. Unlikely President President William McKinley was shot and killed in 1901, leaving the office to Roosevelt. At 42 years old he was the youngest president and an avid reformer. View of Office Roosevelt saw the presidency as a bully pulpit, or a platform to publicize important issues and seek support for his policies on reform.

The Square Deal Chapter 18, Section 2 The Square Deal became Roosevelt s 1904 campaign slogan and the framework for his entire presidency. He promised to see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less. Roosevelt s promise revealed his belief that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced. Roosevelt s square deal called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving working conditions.

Progressive Political Reforms Chapter 18, Section 2

Progressive Era Legislation Chapter 18, Section 2 Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 National Reclamation Act, 1902 United States Forest Service, 1905 Hepburn Act, 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 Meat Inspection Act, 1906 Department of Labor, 1913 16th Amendment, 1913 17th Amendment, 1913 Federal Reserve Act, 1913 National Park Service, 1916 18th Amendment, 1919 19th Amendment, 1920 Women s Bureau, 1920 Outlawed monopolies and practices that restrained trade, such as price fixing. Created to plan and develop irrigation projects. Created to manage the nation s water and timber resources. Authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates. Banned interstate shipping of impure food and deliberate mislabeling of food and drugs. Required federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary conditions. Cabinet department created to promote the welfare and employment of working people. Gave Congress the power to levy an income tax. Provided for the direct election of senators. Created Federal Reserve System of government banks to supervise private banks and provide a flexible money supply. Created to administer the nation s parks. Prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. (Repealed in 1933) Granted women full suffrage. Created within the Department of Labor to improve the status of working women.

Progressive Legislation Assessment Chapter 18, Section 2 Which of the following was a city-supported welfare service? (A) Playgrounds (B) Kindergartens (C) Homeless shelters (D) All of the above What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act? (A) To require federal inspection of meat processing (B) To outlaw monopolies and practices that restrained trade, such as price fixing (C) To authorize the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates (D) To plan and develop irrigation projects

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 4 The U.S.A. and the World Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

A New Foreign Policy Chapter 17, Section 3 Why did the United States want to build the Panama Canal? What were the goals of Theodore Roosevelt s big stick diplomacy? In what ways did the foreign policies of Presidents Taft and Wilson differ from those of President Roosevelt?

The Panama Canal Chapter 17, Section 3 Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama. (A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.) Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and offered its remaining rights to the United States for $100 million.

Roosevelt s Big Stick Diplomacy Chapter 17, Section 3 Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far. Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine The United States will act as an international police power in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers. Roosevelt in Latin America Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America. Roosevelt in Asia Roosevelt wanted to preserve an open door to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.

Foreign Policy After Roosevelt Chapter 17, Section 3 William Howard Taft Elected President in 1908 Taft believed in maintaining influence through American investments, not military might. This policy was called dollar diplomacy. The United States reached new heights of international power under Roosevelt and Taft. However, the policies of both Presidents also created enemies in Latin America and a growing international resentment of U.S. intervention. Woodrow Wilson Under Wilson, the United States applied more moral and legalistic standards to foreign policy decisions. Wilson s policy drew the United States into the complex and bloody Mexican Revolution. Wilson s moral diplomacy did not work well in Mexico. Many lives were lost, and U.S. financial interests lost ground. U.S. Mexico relations were strained for many years.

United States Interventions, 1898-1934 Chapter 17, Section 3

A New Foreign Policy-Assessment Chapter 17, Section 3 Roosevelt s foreign policy was based on (A) the threat of military intervention. (B) the use of American investments. (C) moral and legalistic standards. (D) the fear of foreign invasion. The dollar in the phrase dollar diplomacy referred to: (A) bribing foreign diplomats. (B) American investments in other countries. (C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries. (D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.

Debating America s New Role Chapter 17, Section 4 What were the main arguments raised by the antiimperialists? Why did imperialism appeal to many Americans? How was American imperialism viewed from abroad?

Debating Imperialism Chapter 17, Section 4 Anti-Imperialists A moral and political argument: Expansionism was a rejection of our nation s founding principle of liberty for all. A racial argument: Imperialism was just another form of racism. An economic argument: Expansion involved too many costs. Maintaining the armed forces required more taxation, debt, and possibly even compulsory, or required, military service. In addition, laborers from other countries would compete for jobs with U.S. workers. Pro-Imperialists Imperialism offered a new kind of frontier for American expansion. A new international frontier would keep Americans from losing their competitive edge. Access to foreign markets made the economy stronger. In 1907, President Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet, part of the United States Navy, on a cruise around the world to demonstrate U.S. naval power to other nations. American citizens clearly saw the advantages of having a powerful navy.

Imperialism Viewed From Abroad Chapter 17, Section 4 In the Caribbean and Central America, the United States often had to defend governments that were unpopular with local inhabitants. Many U.S. citizens in Latin America heard the cry Yankee, Go Home! Even before the completion of the Panama Canal, the Panamanians began to complain that they suffered from discrimination. However, many countries also began to turn to the United States for help. The United States was both welcomed and rejected in other countries. The American government still struggles to reconcile its great power and national interests with its relationships with other nations.

Debating America s New Role-Assessment Chapter 17, Section 4 Which of the following was not an argument against imperialism? (A) Foreign workers would compete for jobs against U.S. laborers. (B) Other nations might boycott U.S. goods. (C) Imperialism is another form of racism. (D) Imperialism goes against the founding principles of our nation. Which of the following was not an argument for imperialism? (A) People with non-western cultures would enrich and strengthen the United States. (B) Access to foreign markets would make a stronger U.S. economy. (C) Imperialism offered a new frontier. (D) Expansion helped to make the United States Navy stronger.