Borders in the Baltic Sea Region

Borders in the Baltic Sea Region

Andrey Makarychev Alexandra Yatsyk Editors Borders in the Baltic Sea Region Suturing the Ruptures

Editors Andrey Makarychev University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia Alexandra Yatsyk Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia ISBN 978-1-352-00013-9 ISBN 978-1-352-00014-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-352-00014-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956605 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: Jari Hakala / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is a result of the linkage programme Borders, People, Institutions: New Trends in the Baltic Sea Region, implemented by the University of Tartu, Estonia, and Free University of Berlin between 2014 and 2016 and kindly supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. We are thankful to Professor Klaus Segbers and the staff of the Centre of East European Studies, who were the German coordinators of the project. The editors and authors are thankful to the Skytte Institute of Political Studies in the University of Tartu whose efforts of smoothing and facilitating this three-year project made it a success story. We also express our warm gratitude to Dr Olga Gulina for her strong support in the initial phase of the project. We acknowledge the research funding (IUT20-39) from the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, the Jean Monnet project titled The EU s engagement with Russia and post-soviet neighbors (#564891-EPP-1-2015-1-EE-EPPJMO- MODULE, 2015 2017), and the EU-PREACC (PIRSES- GA-2012-318911, 2013 2017) project, which contributed in different (administrative, academic and inspirational) ways to making this edited volume possible. v

CONTENTS 1 Introduction: The Baltic Sea Region Scars, Seams and Stitches 1 Andrey Makarychev and Klaus Segbers Part I Security Resurfaced: Rebordering on the Horizon? 19 2 The Baltic Sea Region: Practicing Security at the Overlap of the European and the Post-Soviet Society of States 21 Thomas Linsenmaier 3 The Baltic Sea Region: From a Hinge Between Russia and the West to a Rhizomatic Information Channel 53 Aki-Mauri Huhtinen 4 Security Dynamics in the Baltic Sea Region Before and After the Ukraine Crisis 81 Elena Kropatcheva Part II Retying the Region, Unlocking the Borders: Institutions and Governance 101 vii

viii CONTENTS 5 Baltic Sea Region-Building: An Impossibility, or an Inability to Finish? 103 Dovile Jakniu naite and Živile Marija Vaicekauskaite 6 When Left and Right Is a Matter of Identity: Overlapping Political Dimensions in Estonia and Latvia 125 Kjetil Duvold 7 Russian Speakers in Estonia: Legal, (Bio)Political and Security Insights 147 Thomas Hoffmann and Andrey Makarychev 8 The Baltic Region and Central Asia: What Does It Take to Make a Region? A Critical Perspective 175 Anastasia Vishnevskaya Part III Inclusions and Mobilities: Cultural Strategies of Border-(Un)locking 195 9 Shaping the Estonian: National Identity in Films, Arts and Song 197 Alexandra Yatsyk 10 The Russian World and the Securitization of Identity Boundaries in Latvia 227 Angela Kachuyevski 11 (Re)drawing Boundaries: Russia and the Baltic States 249 Elizaveta Gaufman Index 269

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Kjetil Duvold is a Senior Lecturer in Political Science at Dalarna University College. His research revolves around democratisation, political culture, ethnic relations and party systems in Central and Eastern Europe, with a special focus on the Baltic states. Elizaveta Gaufman received her PhD in political science from the University of Tübingen in 2015. She is working on the intersection of political science, media studies and semiotics, combining international relations theory with other fields of study. She has published on migration, nationalism, sexuality, new media and the crisis in Ukraine. Thomas Hoffmann is Visiting Associated Professor at Tallinn Law School at Tallinn Technical University, Estonia and a DAAD Lecturer in Law. He previously worked as an associated lawyer in an international law firm in Kiev and Berlin and as a research fellow of the Institute of East European Law in Kiel, Germany. Aki-Mauri Huhtinen is a military professor at the Finnish National Defence University in the Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy. His areas of expertise are military leadership, command and control, the philosophy of science in military organisational research and the philosophy of war. Dovile Jakniu naite is Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations at the Institute of International Relations and Political Science of Vilnius University and Head of the Institute s Russia and Central Eastern European Studies Centre. Her research interests include Russian foreign policy and identity politics, border studies, security studies, Lithuanian foreign policy and international relations theory. ix

x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Angela Kachuyevski is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Arcadia University in suburban Philadelphia. Her research falls in the fields of conflict resolution and critical security studies, and focuses on divided societies, particularly conflicts involving Russian-speaking minorities in Ukraine, the Baltic states and Moldova. Elena Kropatcheva is a researcher at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg (IFSH), Germany. She holds a PhD and her research interests include international relations, European and Eurasian security policy, international security organisations, energy geopolitics, and domestic and foreign policies of Russia and Ukraine. Thomas Linsenmaier is a PhD candidate at the Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, University of Tartu, and a Doctoral Fellow at the Centre for EU Russia Studies (CEURUS). His research interests revolve around international relations theory and European integration, which he combines with a regional focus on Eastern Europe. Andrey Makarychev is Visiting Professor of Government and Politics at the University of Tartu, Estonia. His areas of expertise are political discourses, norms and identities as seen from different domestic and international perspectives. Previously, he held research and teaching positions at the Free University of Berlin (Germany), the Danish Institute for International Studies (Copenhagen, Denmark), the Centre for Conflict Studies (ETH, Zurich, Switzerland), and George Mason University (Fairfax, Virginia, USA). Klaus Segbers directs the Centre for Global Politics at the Free University of Berlin, Germany. He also has served as Professor of Political Science, International Relations and East European Politics at the Free University of Berlin (FUB) since 1996. Prior to that, he was a Professor of International Relations at the University of Konstanz. Živil ė Marija Vaicekauskait ė holds master s degree in European Studies from the Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Vilnius University. Her academic interests are transatlantic security cooperation, EU foreign policy and political economy of European integration. Anastasia Vishnevskaya is currently working on her PhD about regional development and minority policies in Russia and China at the Freie Universität of Berlin and the Renmin University of Beijing. Her areas of interest are nation-building, rights of ethnic minorities and post-soviet development of Central Asia. She holds a scholarship from the German Hans-Seidel-Stiftung (Hans Seidel Foundation) and is based in Berlin.

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi Alexandra Yatsyk is Visiting Researcher at the Centre Russian and Eurasian Studies (University of Uppsala, Sweden) and Head of the Centre for Cultural Studies of Post-Socialism (Kazan Federal University, Russia). Her research interests include representations of post-soviet national identities, sports and cultural mega-events, Russia s protest art and biopolitics.

LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1 Party Support and Party Attachment in Estonia and Latvia (%) 134 Table 6.2 Self-Placement on a Left/Right Scale (%) 135 Table 6.3 Attitudes Towards Equality and the Role of the State (%) 137 Table 6.4 Perceptions of the Soviet Past (%) 140 xiii