Chapter 1 Asia 2 Indochina Pillars of Aid Long-term Measures Indispensable for War-Weary Economies Except for Thailand, which accomplished rapid progress starting in the late 1980s, the countries of Indochina, in general, lag behind the other countries of ASEAN due to historical and geographical factors. Long years of colonial domination, tyrannical governments, and incessant war and political upheaval have destroyed the productive infrastructure* of these nations and their capacity to allow their peoples to lead normal lives. Individuals with specific talents and abilities have been lost or now live abroad. Even today, when political conditions are gradually returning to normal, the scars left by these years are deep, and a long-term response leading to recovery is required. These three countries face many problems. JICA continuously addresses priority issues such as improvement of infrastructure, agriculture and forestry development, environment, education, and medical and health care. At the same time, paying special attention to issues related to governance and macroeconomic policy such as administrative, financial and political reform, development of legislative systems, and the realization of capitalist economic structures, JICA extends cooperation in human resources development and policy and system-building in these fields. For instance, in Viet Nam, Myanmar, and Laos, through joint research on economic policies with administrative officials in partner countries and comprehensive policy recommendations, JICA supports the national systems and policies. In the future, based on recommendations for support, cooperation will be provided towards solutions to various problems in terms of administration, finance, and politics. In regard to Thailand, the most developed country in Indochina, JICA sets the direction of development in administrative, financial, and political reform, and supports a society made vulnerable following the economic crisis. Based on the direction of development, priority issues are narrowed down mainly from such fields as decentralization, promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises, and social security so that specific cooperation with key points can be provided. In addition, even in regard to diverse regional cooperation with the main objective of disparity corrections within the ASEAN and Mekong River basin development, aggressive cooperation is planned with regard to each country s subjectivity. JICA 2002 57
Current State of Development Reconstruction and Transition to a Market Economy after the War Indochina is located between China and India, two large countries, and comprises five countries: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam. These countries share natural resources centering on the Mekong River, which flows from north to south through the center of the Indochinese peninsula. They have mutually close relations and similarities that are economic, cultural, and historical. However, recent historical circumstances have brought about considerable political and economic differences between these countries. With the exception of Thailand, which underwent rapid development starting in the late 1980s and which has spurred development in the region, each country has experienced civil war and political chaos that have resulted in their economies lagging behind East Asia as a whole. Japan continued for many years to provide economic cooperation after World War II. Aid to the region was then frozen with the outbreak of the Viet Nam War and other circumstances, and until the second half of the 1980s, diplomatic relations remained almost non-existent. Seminar at the Viet Nam-Japan Human Resources Cooperation Center The introduction of the Doi Moi (renovation) policy in Viet Nam, new approaches and economic mechanisms in Laos from 1986, and the Paris Peace Accords of 1991 stimulated economic liberalization policies and the introduction of market economies in Viet Nam, Laos, and Cambodia. This prompted Japan to recommence the provision of aid. In Myanmar, a military regime was clinging to power after 1962, with the result that the country received almost no investment from the West because of its failure to introduce democracy. It therefore stagnated in terms of economic development. However, the government of Myanmar began to move toward an open market economy in 1988, and it is gradually establishing close relations with neighboring ASEAN countries and Japan. Response to Economic Liberalization as New issues Such were the political and economic conditions under which the Asian economic crisis, which began in Thailand in July 1997, had an indirect economic effect on the four new members of ASEAN. However, the crisis did not spur any major changes in their economic reform policies. In 1999, Cambodia joined ASEAN, marking the entry of all the five countries of the Indochinese peninsula into ASEAN and the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). In the future, economic liberalization in the form of reduced tariffs within the region of AFTA and the conclusion of a Free Trade Accord (FTA) between China and ASEAN will come to the Indochina region. The four least developed countries in Indochina have been emerging gradually through their participation in the international community. However it is necessary to respond to new challenges, such as how they will become internationally competitive to protect and develop their own economies in the wake of economic liberalization. Addressing Priority Issues in JICA Programs Expanding Support for Legal Modernization and Economic Policies Vestiges of organizational structures, laws and policies strongly reflecting communist political ideology and the planned economy are still evident in several countries in Indochina. Basic political and economic institutions are still 58 JICA 2002
2 Indochina not in place due to long years of tyrannical government and civil war. The social conditions that apply in these countries are relatively similar. As the single developed country in Asia and one that is actively interested in cooperating economically with the region as a whole, Japan is expected to assist with modernization of major laws, economic development, introduction of a market economy, and administrative, financial, and political reform. With cooperation from government ministries and departments, academic institutions and related organizations, JICA is responding to these demands by creating domestic support structures and providing multilateral aid* that combines various methods. These include dispatch of technical cooperation experts, acceptance of technical training participants, development studies, and provision of equipment. Among the major projects underway, in Viet Nam JICA is continuing to support the introduction of a market economy through the establishment of a Japan Center* as well as through technical cooperation for the improvement of necessary systems and for the fostering of human resources. Projects intended to comprehensively provide institutional and policy support for economic policies are being implemented in Laos and Myanmar. In the legal sphere, JICA is assisting with legal modernization in Cambodia and Viet Nam by providing advice and instruction on drafting and revision of current laws and on training legal experts. Kochi Commencement of the Kochi-Laos Association A former JICA technical cooperation expert from Kochi Prefecture was a high school classmate of the then residing Japanese ambassador to Laos. Based on this connection a group of experts from the same hometown visited Laos in 1994. The group of experts agreed with the ambassador, who said, The nation-building of Laos begins with people-building, and people-building begins with primary education. They formed an NGO called the Kochi-Laos Association to help build a primary school. This campaign immediately drew the attention of elementary, junior high, and high schools as well as international exchange associations in the prefecture, and considerable funds for the construction were contributed by citizens, including school children. A commercial high school extends active cooperation In July 1995, two primary schools were constructed 120 km north of Vientiane, the capital (Bane Vang Khee primary school and Bane Phongn primary school). Since then, schools have Movement to Support Primary School Construction in Laos by the Kochi-Laos Association Student Council of a Commercial High School Establishes a Corporation been constructed in Bane Khaem, Bane Xanggnai, Simmano (junior high school) and Bane Phaylomn. In order to raise the selfhelp capabilities of Laos, the association set up a local construction committee in 1997, and developed their campaign by supporting the committee. This campaign was not limited to construction of primary schools by an NGO, but has extended its activities to study tours organized by the Kochi International Association. In addition, the student council of Kochi City Commercial High School began its own support activities. This student council promptly started cooperation for the Kochi-Laos Association s activities. Since 1996, utilizing the commercial high school s attributes, the student council established a corporation every year, with activities limited to one year, that sell folkcrafts procured locally in Laos using the capital collected. The earnings minus dividends given to shareholders Fifth grade students at the Bane Khaem Primary School, which was built with help from the Kochi-Laos Association are donated to the Kochi-Laos Association. In 2000, the student council planned and proposed a Hariyama Street Festival to the Business Quarters Hariyama-bashi Shopping District Promotion Union in Kochi City. After obtaining the consent of the union, a Laos product exhibition, a concert by street musicians, and a fashion show by member stores were carried out, helping to revitalize the shopping district. This kind of student council activity is attracting attention as a practical example of development education. (JICA Shikoku Branch Office) JICA 2002 59
As JICA has extended institutional and policy support of this new type for less than 10 years, our efforts are arousing much interest both inside and outside Japan. Enhancing Linkages with Other Aid Agencies In Viet Nam and Cambodia, where many aid agencies are active, related aid agencies are promoting efficient and strategic linkages while exchanging information in detail in respective fields. For instance, in Viet Nam, partnerships have been formed consisting of a governmental agency and related donors* (aid countries and agencies) in more than 20 important fields. While respecting the independence of the Viet Namese government, we are providing aid that takes into account overall linkages and cooperation among related aid organizations in all fields. Japan is taking the lead in partnerships in several fields, and JICA is taking part in this new development through the application of our development study and dispatch of technical cooperation experts systems. In the countries of the Indochinese peninsula, many NGOs continue to provide cooperation as dynamic as that provided by government aid organizations. There are many organizations that already had a long record of aid achievement even before the main donors entered the field, and these organizations demonstrate stable activities that are highly appreciated by the recipient countries. JICA has begun working on a variety of projects in these countries in the social sector, such as education, medical care, social welfare, and culture. Use is made of projects conducted jointly with NGOs and academic institutions under schemes that have been developed in recent years. In Cambodia, United Nations agencies and NGOs are engaged in their own forms of cooperation in fields related to peace-building such as landmine clearance and discharged soldiers. These are fields in which JICA must collaborate with pioneering aid organizations so that each organization can complement the other in terms of safety and support measures. Cooperation with the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS Project), which was proposed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and started in 1992, and the Indo-China Comprehensive Development Forum, which was proposed by the Japanese government in 1993. One specific project currently underway involves the development of the East-West Corridor. This is arousing much interest as a leading infrastructure project connected with development of the Mekong River Basin. The purpose of this project is to establish a transport artery stretching from Thailand through Viet Nam to the South China Sea. This route is likely to contribute to economic development throughout the region, including land-locked Laos. JICA is responsible for an important sector of this project, including detailed design studies of the Mekong International Bridge No. 2, linking the Thai and Laotian sides of the river and research on the provision of grant aid for repairs to National Highway Route 9, which runs the length of Laos. Cooperation in the future will be concerned not merely with hardware aspects, such as the construction of roads and bridges: it will also involve cooperation on software aspects that are aimed at ensuring the opening of an economic corridor in the region. Intra-region Cooperation in Human Resource Development In 1999, Cambodia became the tenth member of ASEAN, and an important issue now facing the organization is how to rectify the economic disparities that exist within it. Development of the Mekong River Basin From a global perspective, the Indochina region holds the brightest prospects for rapid development. Regional cooperation that extends over national boundaries and is balanced throughout the area as a whole is currently moving ahead. Frameworks for region-wide cooperation include Economic Pakse Bridge constructed with grant aid in Laos 60 JICA 2002
Japan regards Thailand as a base for cooperation in development of the Mekong River Basin and of ASEAN, and it is considering active development of third-country training* and regional projects directed at the region. In 1995, Japan concluded a Japan-Thailand Partnership Program* (JTPP) agreement with the Thai government that aims to expand third-country training. As a result, the establishment of 15 third-country training courses, a target for fiscal 2000, was achieved. JICA is implementing region-wide projects such as Parasite Control, Empowering Persons with Disabilities, Narcotics Control, Higher Engineering Education, and Animal Disease Control. In addition, various regional cooperation projects to rectify disparities among ASEAN nations have been launched. Viet Nam The International Parasite Control Project in Thailand Project for Promotion of Adult Literacy in the Northern Mountainous Region Disseminating Adult Literacy Education for Ethnic Minorities JICA Partnership Program The northern mountainous areas lag behind In the 1990s, remarkable economic development was achieved in Viet Nam thanks to economic reform introduced by the Doi Moi policy in 1986. In Viet Nam s single commercial city, Ho Chi Minh City, and the capital, Hanoi, people have become prosperous and the streets are crowded with motorcycles. There are many Honda motorcycles. However, the per capita GDP in fiscal 2000 was US$400, which is still low, and there is a widening gap between the rich urban areas and the poor regional areas due to rapid economic development. In particular, the northern mountainous area has been left out of the development. There are 54 different ethnic groups in Viet Nam. 80% of the population belong to the Kinh and the rest are ethnic minority groups living severe lives in the mountainous areas. Many people from ethnic minority groups, such as the Muong and Thai, live in Lai Chau Province in northern Viet Nam, which borders China and Laos. In this region, since 2000, the National Federation of UNESCO Association in Japan, a prominent Japanese NGO, has implemented the first JICA Partnership Program* called the Project for Promotion of Adult Literacy. Construction of terakoya for ethnic minority groups Having established national standards concerning the dissemination of literacy and primary education, the Viet Nam government declared that its policies met these standards nationwide in 2000. Through this endeavor, Viet Nam boasts the highest literacy rate of all the developing nations (98% in 1998). Lai Chau Province is dominated by ethnic minority groups with their own languages, and there are many people who cannot read, write, and calculate even as adults. In the JICA Partnership Program, Community Learning Centers, commonly called terakoya, were constructed in 40 villages within the province where most of the minority The Muong people who came for the opening ceremony groups live. These centers provided an infrastructure* for adult education that offers the opportunity to learn. Presently, 40 centers have been completed and literacy education and technical training to raise incomes are being carried out. The government of Lai Chau Province and the Central Education and Training Ministry expect a positive outcome from the project, recognizing its role in enhancing education for those who could not have the chance to attend school up to now, and facilitating improvements in village life and the revitalization of the regional economy. (JICA Viet Nam Office) JICA 2002 61