The Peace Building Process in Mozambique 1992-1994 Pedro Pereira Leite CES-Coimbra University Minom
WAY THE CIVIL WAR IN MOZAMBIQUE?
Summary 1. Way the Civil war in Mozambique? 2. The Peace Building Process 3. Lessons to learn and discussion
Short View of the country Population (2007) 20,000,000 Urbanization 30% GDP 2012 7,0% Over 5% decade Human Development Report (2013) 184/ 187 Poverty Income share Euphoria of Growth Raw material and fossil fuels Major exports : china india
Islam in XVI Century In rede, influence
Navigation in C 16 Winds and currents
Slave Trade
The colonization in C 19
Long Term references Berlin Conference of 1884-86 Scramble for Africa Portuguese Colonization (1498 [ 1885-1975) The issue of selfdetermination of peoples in the United Nations Charter (1946 ) The long night of the fascism in Portugal (1926-1974) The decades of the African independence and the Non- Aligned Movement (1958-1968)
The Strugle for Mozambique (1963-1974) Independence 1975 The fall of colonialism o The regional context South Africa and Rhodesia The Line Fronts The East-West confrontation The War of Liberation
The Civil War (1975-1992) FRELIMO The experiences of African socialism. RENAMO - " Armed Bandits Results 1,000.000 dead 5,000.000refugees Devastation of the Economy roads, schools, health centers,shops and factories
Conditions for Peace Agreement The general discontent of the population Communal Villages (1977 ) Operation Production (1983 The Independence of Zimbabwe (1980 ) Strategy of terror and destruction The civilian population as target Trends The presence of the Catholic Church friars camboianos The action of the AWEPA ( Assotiation of Western European Parliaments for Action Against Apartheid ) Building bridges for trust and dialogo New Winds in the world The end of the Cold War and the fall of the Berlin Wall (1991) The insulation regional of Renamo The End of Apartheid in South Africa (1992) Liberation of Mandela and Reconciliation Process in SA (1990) Election of Mandiba(1994)
THE PEACE BUILDING PROCESS
Sense of Reality Confronting Ideology and practices The Inkomati agreements (1984) FRELIMO Apartheid Regime Rebuild the Country (FMI Loan) The Commission for Justice and Peace and Reconciliation (1984) The Dead of Samora Machel ond a Plane Crash The position of President Chissano (1987 ) Struggle for Peace The work of the Catholic and Protestant churches Catholics - nearest Europeans Protestant - closer to the black population Home of the talks in Rome ( 1990 CSE ) The embrace between Chissano and Dhlakama ( Rome -1992) Wanting for peace in a depleted country in prolonged drought
Agreement major points Democracy and freedom of expression Peaceful resolution of conflicts Reconciliation. Integration in Mozambican Armed Forces Questions amnesty or punishment? Traditional Healing or Court of Human Rights
Traditional Healing Victims are forgotten? Forgot the past in the name of future Rebuild de live in the start point The issue of forgiveness What is forgive? A major will or exemplar punishment
The implementation of the agreement Mission of the United Nations peace 1993-1994 Establishment of the Unified Army Demobilization of fighters (combatentes) Reintegration in civil society thousands of combatants The problem of child soldiers The 1994 General elections Helps the international (UN, IMF, World Bank) The formation of civil society The appeal to women Involving youth The inclusion of Renamo in civic action
LESSONS TO LEARN AND DISCUSSION
Questions about Peace Process in Africa Peace Processes (since 98) Angola, Mozambique, Nambibe, Congo, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Borundi, Ivory Coast, Darfur New Chalanges Sudan, Shael, South Mediterran Link Peace-Development Millennium Development Goals R2P (Responsibility to Protect) fragile states NewPlayeres UN, UE, USA, China, Índia, Brasil NGO Arms Trade (500 billon U$)
Discussion Rebuild the Memory The role of past The present tense The role of Memories organizations How to work on conflict resolution whit memories The sociomuseology proposal for memories groups Human Rights and empowerment of community