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The United States In this part of this lesson, we explore the different meanings of the phrases, United States and United States of America used in the Organic Laws of the United States of America. Article I of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 effectively defines United States of America, when it states: The style of this confederacy shall be The United States of America. The term or phrase United States is never expressly defined in the Organic Laws of the United States of America, however, the United States appears many times in the Articles of Confederation in the phrase, The United States in Congress assembled, where without question United States means the Confederacy. We will have to use our analytical skills to give the proper meanings to the phrase, United States as it appears in the Constitution of September 17, 1787, but before we rely on the Organic Laws of the United States of America we must agree those Organic Laws state the law exactly as it is written. Common sense and the basic rule of written lawmaking dictate that the meaning of a law cannot be so unclear as to be ambiguous, so we have to assume that since the Organic Laws of the United States of America are basic and fundamental laws they must be clear and not ambiguous. This means the Chief Justice, in Article I of the Constitution of September 17, 1787, who must preside at the impeachment of the President of the United States, is not also an Article III Judge of the supreme Court. It also means the Article II President of the United States of America, who is vested with the executive power, is not the Article I President of the United States, who shall sign Bills he approves and make objections on those he does not approve, until he takes the oral oath of office of President of the United States. There is, therefore, an office with the executive power entitled the President of the United States of America. There is, also, another office called the President of the United States. Taken together the facts of these two offices prove the United States the President of the United States is President of is not the United States of America. The United States? The United States may be a democracy or a republic but it is always comprised of the territory or other property owned by or subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States of America. We should also assume that the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 have not been replaced by the Constitution of September 17, 1787, as there is no direct evidence that the Articles of Confederation have been repealed. The four Organic Laws of the United States of America have been organic laws since the date of enactment or ratification and the proof of their current status as Organic Laws of the United States of America is found in their inclusion in the United States Code, volume 1 of the general and permanent laws since 1926. What is the simple common sense answer to the question, when is the United States not the territory or other property owned by or subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States of America? The simple answer is, in the Organic Laws of the United States of America, if the 2
United States does not mean the United States of America or the Confederacy, it means the territory or other property owned by or subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States of America. There are no documents classified as the Organic Laws of the United States, and none called the Founding Documents of the Confederacy, the United States of America. Grammatically and legally the phrase, United States, is too indefinite to have a legal meaning such as that given the United States of America. That conclusion is confirmed by a near total absence of any documentation supporting the legal existence of any entity known as United States. Article 4 of the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787, comes close to identifying a territory and potential political state. That territory was the Northwest Territory, but it was already a permanent part of the Confederacy of the United States of America: The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this Confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made; Thereafter, in the Organic Laws of the United States of America, if the phrase, United States of America is to have a different meaning the context of that use must readily provide that meaning. Therefore, when the phrase, Organic Laws of the United States of America, is used in volume 1 of the United States Code, United States of America means the Confederacy established by the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 and not the continental United States or geographical United States of America. The so-called Founding Documents of the United States have not been established by any law or legal authority, so they vary as much as the entities which compile the lists. Any Internet search of founding documents of the United States will reveal the Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States and Bill of Rights to be the documents always listed. The Federalist Papers and Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 have also been listed as founding documents. Your freedom will be found in the Organic Laws of the United States of America not in the Founding Documents. Instead of using one or more of the Organic Laws of the United States of America to expressly define what is meant by the phrase, United States. the Organic Laws beginning with the Articles of Confederation carefully use the phrase, United States, as a noun: the United States in Congress assembled; in a prepositional phrase to describe a noun, such as Congress of the United States or President of the United States. How are we to establish that the United States means the territory or other property owned by or subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States of America? Again, apply the common sense rule, if United States does not mean United States of America or Confederacy it means the territory or other property owned by or subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States of America. 3
We know from our examination of the office of the President of the United States located in Article I of the Constitution of September 17, 1787, and the Article II office of President of the United States of America that combining the two offices by allowing the person elected President of the United States of America to take the oath of office of the President of the United States creates a military dictatorship. Testimony given in the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials confirms that Hitler used the American Presidency as a model for his dictatorship. The combination of the office of President of the United States of America and the office of President of the United States caused the American public to believe that the Bills signed by the same man who had been elected President of the United States of America by the Presidential Electors meant the Bills applied to the States of the Confederacy as well as the States of the Northwest Territory. When the four Organic Laws of the United States of America are read and understood, the natural pairing of the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776 with the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, and the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787 with the Constitution of September 17, 1787 is evident just from the proximity of the dates on those two documents. Beginning with the Federalist Papers, which are sometimes cited as Founding Documents of the United States, government propaganda has claimed that the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 would be replaced by the Constitution of the United States, when the Constitution of September 17, 1787 was ratified. As with all propaganda, there is no evidence of the Articles of Confederation s repeal and no proof that the Constitution of September 17, 1787 has been adopted. Recall that the Articles of Confederation create a perpetual Union which permits only the most difficult alterations and permit no repeal or cancellation of a member State s ratification of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 or admission of the State s Senators into the Senate of the United States of America. All governments and the media have formed an informal alliance to prevent the further disclosure of the importance of the Organic Laws of the United States of America and the absence of a legal basis for the so-called Founding Documents of the United States. The Founding Documents do not purport to confer law making as the Organic Laws do. It is well known that neither the Declaration of Independence nor the Articles of Confederation conferred legislative power from the States to a central government. However, the creation of a temporary government was the expressed purpose of the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787. To achieve that temporary government, executive, judicial and legislative departments were established for the Northwest Territory, which would ultimately be the States of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan and part of Minnesota. The power to create a temporary government for the future States of the Northwest Territory was not a delegation of government power from the thirteen States it came from King George III by way of the Treaty 4
of Paris of 1783. Whether that power came from a transfer of government or proprietary power is of little consequence, the exercise of the proprietary power was lawful by the United States in Congress assembled. The differences between the Organic Laws of the United States of America and the Founding Documents of the United States are important and significant, because those differences will provide us with two constant references to the two most misunderstood phrases in American law and government United States of America and United States. The first Organic Law of the United States of America, the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776, encompasses both the geographic and political meanings of United States of America. The second Organic Law, the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, expressly defines United States of America, in Article I, as the name of the Confederacy formed when all thirteen States ratify the Articles of Confederation. No single government document defines the United States as the Articles of Confederation defines the United States of America, as the Confederacy. With the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 rightfully restored to its correct place as the Constitution of the Confederacy, statute laws of the United States can be confined to the territory or other property owned by or subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States of America. The confinement of federal laws to federal territory has always been the problem with the laws enacted by the Congress of the United States and signed by the President of the United States. This problem has persisted because there is no broad public recognition that the President of the United States and the President of the United States of America are two different offices. The only way the federal government can operate at its present scale is to continue the deception begun by George Washington and the only way the American people can have freedom is to expose it. The Organic Laws of the United States of America create nothing more than one confederacy consisting of a Union of States which protect for its inhabitants their lives, freedom, territory and property and for the State its sovereignty, freedom and independence and another Union of States which retains for the United States of America its territory and property. The government s claim that ratification of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 would allow a Congress and President of the United States to make laws which applied directly to the people of the States was believed, although it was untrue for almost all Americans. The American people have become willing participants in a system of government variously called a republic, a representative democracy or simply a democracy without any knowledge of the written law underlying that government. The territory of the present States of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan and part of Minnesota was on July 13, 1787 the district known as the Northwest Territory and the real property of the United States of America. Carved out of the Northwest Territory, the future 5
States of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan and part of Minnesota were already united pursuant to Article 4 of the Northwest Ordinance. and would remain united once those States were admitted as States of the perpetual Union, which pursuant to Article 2, would retain among other powers, sovereignty, freedom and independence. The Confederacy of the United States of America on July 13, 1787 was also comprised of thirteen member States: The first State to ratify the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 was Virginia on December 16, 1777; South Carolina ratified on February 5, 1778; New York ratified on February 6, 1778; Rhode Island ratified on February 16, 1778; Georgia ratified on February 26, 1778; Connecticut ratified on February 27, 1778; New Hampshire ratified on March 4, 1778; Pennsylvania ratified on March 5, 1778; Massachusetts ratified on March 10, 1778; North Carolina ratified on April 24, 1778; New Jersey ratified on November 20, 1778; Delaware ratified on February 1, 1779 and Maryland ratified on March 1, 1781. Although the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of September 17, 1787 as amended appear as both Organic Laws of the United States of America and Founding Documents of the United States, neither the Articles of Confederation nor the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787 appear as Founding Documents of the United States. The omission of the Articles of Confederation and Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787 points to the basic differences between the Organic Laws of the United States of America and the Founding Documents of the United States. The four Organic Laws of the United States of America are not just documents they are Laws which have been officially recognized by the federal government as the foundational law for the United States of America in its administration of the United States, the territory or other property owned by or subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States of America. Whatever legislative power was conferred to the temporary government of the Northwest Territory, it was subject to oversight and review by the United States in Congress assembled. The Constitution of September 17, 1787 followed the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787 by just a few weeks. The May 25, 1787 Constitutional Convention was charged by a resolution of the United States in Congress assembled to propose a revision of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 to achieve greater efficiency in its operations, so the Constitution of September 17, 1787 should be read and interpreted to achieve that result. The myth that the Constitution of September 17, 1787 replaced or superseded the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 must be eliminated. The February 21, 1787 resolution of the United States in Congress assembled which convened the May 25, 1787 Constitutional Convention did not charge the Constitutional Convention with the replacement or supersession 6
of the Articles of Confederation, so the delegates to that Convention had no authority to prepare a document which achieved that. As the Constitutional Convention was not authorized to write a replacement document for the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, it was wrong for the authors of the Federalist Papers to suggest that the Constitution of September 17, 1787 replaced the government under the Articles of Confederation with a stronger central national government. The only conclusion to be made from facts stated above is that the Organic Laws of the United States of America are the foundational law for the United States, the territory within the possession and control of the Confederacy, the United States of America. Test your understanding of Lesson III 1. Why is the Chief Justice not an Article III Judge of the supreme Court? 2. What is the difference between an Article II, President of the United States of America and an Article I, President of the United States? 3. Why does the title "Organic Laws of the United States of America" in the front of Volume I of the United States Code book provide context for the meaning of the United States of America? 4. What is the natural pairing of the Organic Laws? 5. To achieve a temporary government what was established for the Northwest Territory? 6. Why is restoration of the Articles of Confederation as the constitution of the Confederacy important? 7. Organic law is the fundamental law that defines the basic law and organization of the government of a state or nation. What does the Organic Laws of the United States of America create? 8. Why are the Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance not listed as Founding documents for the United States? 9. Was the Constitutional Convention of 1787 authorized to write a replacement document for the Articles of Confederation? 10. What is required to alter the Articles of Confederation? 7