STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ TWO --- Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10 and film King Corn Chapter 5 Population geography Distribution of humankind Emigration: The flow of people out of a place Immigration: The flow of people into a place Demography: The study of population statistics Specific group characteristics Population 6.3 billion (2009) Major concentrations Factors Influencing Population Distribution Climate Topography/Soils History Population Statistics: Crude birth rate: Total number of births per 1000 people Crude death rate: Total number of deaths per 1000 people Natural increase or Natural decrease: Birth rate Death rate (if positive = increase, negative = decrease Fertility rate: # children average woman will have Total fertility rate: Fertility rate of all populations Zero population growth Doubling time: Years needed for population to double Population Pyramids: What do they show? How do they work? Demographic Transition Model 4 Stages of demographic transition Shape of the pop pyramid? Life Expectancy Infant mortality rates improving Antibiotics/immunization Rapid increase throughout world New Influences on Birth Rates Family planning programs Contraceptive technology Role of mass media Population Control: Obstacles Contraception: Manufacture and distribution expense Religion Low female status Preference of male children 1
Birth Control Programs One family/one child policies Female infanticide Social compensation fees Sterilization Loss of status Termination healthcare/food coupons Free birth control Increased literacy World Death Rates Infectious diseases HIV/AIDS SARS Degenerative diseases Obesity Tobacco use Epidemiology Epidemiological transition Demographic Patterns Sex ratios Effects of Ultrasound, amniocentesis Male status Aging Increased median age Rich countries Sustaining economic growth Medical needs Poor countries Young populations Changing social needs Migration Push factor: Drive away people Pull factor: Attract people Migration chains Migration Today 2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth Characteristics Many poor, uneducated, unskilled Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity Many also highly educated and skilled Refugees 1951 Geneva convention Asylum International Migration Increased apprehension in receiving countries Compassion fatigue Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises Emigration Importance of remittances 2
Mexico = 3 rd largest source of foreign exchange Europe as a destination 16 million immigrants 7-10 percent of host country population Problems = religion, education Contributions = entrepreneurs Migration of Asians 4-5 million work abroad Remittances important Loss to home communities US Largest migration flow to US 10% US population foreign-born Immigration quotas restrict immigration Implications Hispanics as proportion of US population Canada 18.4 percent population foreign-born 94 percent live in metro areas HISPANICS IN THE US Report from the US Census Bureau Chapter 6 Cultural Geography Describes everything about the way people live Clothes, Diet, Artifacts, Customs, Operational methods Culture is not static Forces of cultural change Evolutionism things slowly change and evolve Diffusionism things spread (diffuse) Environmental determinism Human events explained by environment Old theory, was used to justify racism, out of favor now Cultural ecology Societies adapt to their environment Challenge-response theory Possibilism Physical environment influences, but does not control, human behaviors This is the currently broadly accepted theory of cultural development Folk Culture Cultures that preserve traditions Characteristics Conservative, resistant to change, distinctive religions Urban folk cultures Immigrant groups Examples Amish Diffusion of house types in the US 3
Popular Culture Culture of people who embrace innovation and conform to changing norms Rapid diffusion Mass culture Food, clothing, items that are mass produced Mass taste = loss of individuality Geographic variation of market penetration Marketing of popular culture Identity Geography Identity Personal vs. Group identity Culture groups Shared characteristics, many or few Subculture smaller bundle of group characteristics Races based on physical appearance Single species, thus does not really apply Secondary biological characteristics - OUTDATED Ethnic groups (biology, culture, allegiance, history) Ethnocentrism judging other cultures by your cultural normal standards Acceleration of Diffusion Travel and transportation Friction of distance Movement of information Annihilation of space Electronic highway Clash of civilizations European Culture Pervasive Western model Consumer goods Education Technology Housing Presumption of superiority Acculturation of Western life Voyages of Contact World exploration and conquest Impact of Chinese initiative European seaborne empires Commercial Revolution Global diffusion Europe as clearinghouse of info and products Relocation of goods and services Europe s Increased Power Industrial Revolution Increased productivity Exploration and conquest Stimulated industry Money economy Creation of stock markets Agricultural Revolution 4
Created labor supply for industry Cultural Imperialism Systematic eradication of native culture Imposition of Western culture Reference group behavior Self-Westernization Japan, China, Turkey Internal colonialism Ruling group forcing others to adopt to their group ideals Westernization Today Dress and lifestyle as status symbols Role of media Implanting Western values TV programs, movies, videos Tourism Education World view of America Military power Role of global peacekeeper Sole superpower Economic power One quarter of world economy Popular culture Most recognized brands Challenging local traditions Political influence Chapter 7 Language & Religion Two most important forces that bond and define human cultures Defining Language Pronunciation and combination of words used to communicate within a group of people Important cultural index Influences how people think Structures individual perception of world Dialects Minor variations within a language Standard language Following formal rule of diction and grammar Official language Particular language for any given country Lingua franca Current language of international discourse World s Major Languages 3,000 distinct languages 50% of world population speak one of 12 major languages listed Mandarin Chinese is largest with 885 million 5
English is the primary language of 350 million and is the official language of about 50 countries World s Major Religions: Teachings, Origins and Diffusions Systems of beliefs guiding behavior Orthopraxy: Behavior-oriented Orthodoxy: Theological/philosophical Fundamentalism vs. Secularism World s Major Religions Judaism 14 million adherents Monotheistic Pentateuch: First five books of the Old Testament Major Sects: Orthodox, Conservative, Reform Israel: Homeland for Jewish people Created 1948 Conflict between Israel and Palestine Christianity Emerged from Judaism Coptic Church Founded in Alexandria in A.D. 41 Official religion of Roman Empire Facilitated geographical spread Dark Ages Protestant Reformation Significant growth in Africa, Asia and Latin America Islam Muhammad (Prophet) Allah (God) Five Pillars of Islam Belief in one God Five daily prayers Generous alms (donations) Fasting during Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) Sects Sunni Shiite Hinduism Most ancient religious tradition in Asia Vedas Hindu sacred texts Castes Brahman, priestly Kshatriya, warrior Vaisya, tradesman and farmer Sudra, servant and laborer Untouchables Sikhism Offshoot of Hinduism Guru Nanak 6
Buddhism Buddha Enlightened One Leader: The Dalai Lama Four Noble Truths Life involves suffering Cause of suffering is desire Elimination of desire ends suffering Right thinking and behavior eliminate desire Nirvana Diffused from India Other Religions Eastern Religions Confucianism Taoism Shinto Animism and Shamanism Animism Belief in ubiquity of spirits or spiritual forces Shamanism Shaman Religion & Politics Freedom of religion Theocracy: Church rules directly Separation of church and state Islamic fundamentalists United States Terrorism Social Impact of Religion Gender roles Women s rights Diet Vegetarians Pork, beef Alcohol Ethics and morals Schools and institutions Chapter 8 Food Supplies Over the Last 200 Years Malthus prediction: Populations will increase or decrease based on available resources mostly food. New crops Transplants and genetic engineering New cropland New lands opened by irrigation Transportation and storage Faster refrigerated modern methods Improved storage protects: spoilage & pests 7
Green revolution As applied to agriculture not environment Technological advances Chapter 9 Natural Resources What Is a Natural Resource? Something that is useful to people Factors that determine Usefulness: Cultural Technological Economic Properties of a given resource Examples: Mineral and energy resources Air and water resources Resource Characteristics Defined by Cultural values What is used and valued by people Wood, mud or brick building Swamps become wetlands, cultural shifts Available technology Potential resources Ability to extract and use Economics Supply and demand Externalities Substitutability: Ability to substitute a different resource Stabilizes prices Limits resource scarcity Nonrenewable resources Limited amounts Gas, oil, coal, metals Renewable resources Replaced continually Air, wind, water, solar Mineral Resources Metallic Copper, lead, silicon Nonmetallic Building stone, graphite, slate, quartz Distribution of deposits Cartels Depletion and substitution Solid Waste Landfills Sanitary landfills 8
NIMBY Incineration Reduces volume Provides energy Recycling Reduces need for landfills and incinerators Reuses natural resources Barriers Waste separation Consumer resistance Lack of market Hidden costs Indirect losses New products and technologies Shared costs with consumers Fossil Fuels Oil, natural gas, coal Stored energy created over millions of years Nonrenewable Wood primary energy source until 19 th century Oil is most important energy resource today U.S. and Canadian industry Natural gas, oil, coal Distribution of fossil fuels Uneven Reserves Oil Distribution 2/3 of oil reserves in Middle East North America and Europe have highest per capita oil consumption rates Oil production and pricing OPEC, 1960 Oil crises Future of fossil fuels Proven reserves Unconventional sources Renewable Energy Nuclear Fission versus fusion Problems Potential accidents Radioactive waste Public opposition High cost Biomass Burning wood, plant material and animal waste Home heating and cooking in most of world Brazil fuel cars and trucks Hydroelectric Flowing water 9
¼ of world s electricity Opposition to dams Solar Energy from sun Thermal and photovoltaic Wind generation Chapter 10 Cities and Urbanization Defining Concepts Urbanization Concentrating population in cities Hinterland Provide services/draws resources Incorporation Defining city territory Primate cities Large city with majority of national population Urban Geography Urban functions and roles Study of urbanization Different times Different places Internal patterns Urbanization Today Occurring rapidly Inadequate infrastructure Living conditions mimic 19 th century England Caused by deteriorating rural conditions Slums Concentrates labor forces Government Policies Used to reduce rural-to-urban migration Limit housing and jobs Improve rural areas Compulsory ruralization Vitality of Cities Positive aspects of urbanization Informal, underground economy Urban immigrants are assets to growth Growth of Suburbs U.S. phenomenon due to prosperity Early suburbs Cultural preference for rural living Henry Ford Autos for the masses Government policies 10
FHA loan program Tax incentives Returning veterans Suburban Infrastructure Sprawl: Uncontrolled suburban growth High costs Energy Commute/ transportation Leapfrogging Environmental Farmland Green space Social Consequences Residential segregation and marketing Restrictive covenants Job movement and creation Commuting patterns Rush hour New Patterns New urbanism Recreate small town America Less dependence on cars Telecommuting Virtual shopping Internet Brick and mortar 11