Imperialism Creation of the U.S. Empire
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SWBAT The student will apply social science skills to understand the emerging role of the United States in world affairs during the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by a) explaining changes in foreign policy of the United States toward Latin America and Asia and the growing influence of the United States, with emphasis on the impact of the Spanish-American War;
Essential Questions Why did the United States abandon her traditional isolationist foreign policy? (Washington s warning to stay out of foreign entanglements.) How did the United States expand her influence in the world?
US foreign policy was to avoid conflicts with other countries Isolationism
Essential Understandings Many twentieth-century American foreign policy issues have their origins in America s emergence as a world power at the end of the nineteenth century. America s intervention in World War I ensured her role as a world power for the remainder of the century. The growing role of the United States in international trade displayed the American urge to build, innovate, and explore new markets.
Imperialism During America s Age of Imperialism, the practice of extending power and dominion by gaining political and economic control over other areas established the United States as a world power In 1867 the United States bought Alaska from Russia. This was known as Seward s Folly. Why do you think it was called this? After the Civil War, pioneers settled the last western frontiers and expansionists began to look even further west.
Imperialism Imperialism the economic and political domination of a strong nation over other weaker nations. Beginning in the 1880 s more people wanted to make the US a world power Economic and military competition from other nations, as well as a growing feeling of superiority led to this shift in opinion
Imperialism The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, and/or military control over weaker territories.
Justification Economic Need: American Farmers & industry needed new markets for its goods & new sources of raw materials
Justification Social Darwinism: American duty to spread its superior culture to others Manifest Destiny: God made it our destiny to expand
Imperialist Needs Alfred Mahan U.S. needs strong navy Free nearby islands from threats
1. Economic: American Farmers and industry needed new markets for its goods & new sources of raw materials American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914
2. Military/Strategic Interests U.S. needs strong navy Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
3. Social Darwinist Thinking American duty to spread its superior culture to others The White Man s Burden
4. Religious/Missionary Interests Manifest Destiny: God made it our destiny to expand
Imperialism Europe had been expanding for many years The use of tariffs had reduced trade between industrial countries forcing them to look overseas for places to sell their products Europeans looked overseas for places to invest To protect their investments, they began exerting control over those territories where they invested their capital and sold their products making some protectorates.
Imperialism Protectorate: imperial power allowed local rulers to remain in control while protecting them against rebellion and invasion The expansion of Europe overseas moved Americans to want to do the same Many supporters of Social Darwinism argued that nations competed politically, economically, and militarily, and only the strongest would survive Some believed in Anglo-Saxonism
Imperialism Anglo-Saxonism the idea that the Englishspeaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government and were destined to dominate the planet American leaders thought the United States needed a powerful navy A navy could protect the merchant ships and defend its right to trade with other countries By the 1890 s the US was on its way to becoming a great naval power
Expansion in the Pacific Japan in the 1800 s only traded with China and the Dutch In 1852 President Pierce ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to negotiate a peace treaty with Japan The Japanese, impressed by American technology and power, signed a treaty opening two ports to American trade By the 1890 s, Japan had a powerful navy and set out to build its own empire in Asia
U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 Japan no longer isolated
Expansion in the Pacific Americans were interested in Hawaii also Sugarcane grew well there and by the mid- 1800s there were many sugarcane plantations In 1875, the US removed tariffs on Hawaiian sugar and the planters grew wealthy An 1890 tariff gave subsidies to US sugar growers and the Hawaiian sugar became more expensive
Expansion in the Pacific In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani became ruler She disliked American influence and tried to reestablish her authority The planters overthrew her government and forced her to give up power They set up their own government The United States annexed Hawaii five years later.
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
U.S. in the Pacific & Asia Hawaii: U.S. business leaders fund a revolution U.S. military prevents help from reaching island
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1893 American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America The United States wanted more influence in Latin America. The US wanted to sell more products there The US wanted Europeans to see the US as the main power in the region The Latin Americans did not want to restrict their trade so they rejected the idea of a customs union with the United States
Building a Modern Navy Americans were willing to risk war to defend their interests overseas Captain Alfred T. Mahan published his book called The Influence of Sea Power Upon History It suggested a nation needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend its right to trade with other countries. Needed territory overseas for naval bases
The Coming of War Cuba, a Spanish colony, provided wealth for Spain Jose Marti, a Cuban revolutionary left Cuba to New York in 1868 to raise money In 1895 Marti returned and declared Cuban independence They set up the Republic of Cuba in September
The Coming of War At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans were neutral William Randolph Hearst, and Joseph Pulitzer two journalists used yellow journalism to get the Americans to side with the rebels Yellow Journalism: Exaggerated stories used to get people to believe a certain way Hearst and Pulitzer exaggerated stories of Spanish attacks on Cubans
Yellow Journalism Tabloid Newspapers reported the brutality of the Spanish in graphic terms. Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I ll furnish the war!
The Coming of War Cuban rebels attacked American property, hoping to get America to intervene in the war The Spanish governor of Cuba caused the deaths of thousands of Cuban villagers by sending them to reconcentration camps. Spanish ambassador, Enrique Dupuy de Lome wrote a letter describing McKinley as weak. The New York Journal printed the letter, causing Americans to become angry
Spanish-American War 1 st attempt at imperialism off American soil Causes: - Spanish treatment of Cuba - De Lome letter
Spanish Mistreatment in Cuba
Spanish treatment of Cubans
The Coming of War The U.S.S. Maine, anchored in Havana, Cuba, exploded Although no one knows why, many Americans blamed Spain President McKinley was pressured into declaring war on Spain in 1898 by members of his own political party. jingoism an attitude of strong nationalism, was very strong within his party
Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! USS Maine explodes in Cuba
Dewey Captures Manila!
Spanish American War (SPAM) America s navy destroyed Spanish warships in the Philippines The American army attacked Cuba and the Rough Riders attacked San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt was 2 nd in command and became a hero because of this battle Within 4 months the war was over Spain and the US agreed to a cease-fire
The Rough Riders Teddy Roosevelt becomes a national hero @ Battle of San Juan Hill
An American Empire is Born The United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on 12/10/1898 Cuba became an independent country. The US acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. The US becomes an imperial power.
Results of the War A. U.S. territorial gains: 1) Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines B. U.S. emerging as a world power 1) Europe takes notice (esp. Germany)
U.S. in Pacific & Asia Philippines: U.S. annexed after SpAm War Guerilla war killed more U.S. soldiers in Philippines than entire SpAm war
An American Empire is Born William Howard Taft, the first US civilian governor of the Philippines, introduced reforms to try to win the Filipino s over Hostilities lessened and by 1902 all Filipino resistance had stopped. The United States granted independence to the Philippines in 1946
An American Empire is Born Puerto Rico became an unincorporated territory in 1900. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States(so they could be drafted into WWI) In 1947 they elected their own governor Today the debate on whether to grant Puerto Rico statehood, to become an independent country, or to continue as a Commonwealth and part of the United States still exists
Platt Amendment After the war, the US set up a military government in Cuba. Steps were taken to ensure Cuba would remain tied to the United States The Platt Amendment specified (1) Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that would weaken its power or allow another foreign power to gain territory in Cuba
Platt Amendment (2) Cuba had to buy or lease naval stations to the United States (3) Cuba s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment (4) The United States would have the right to protect Cuban independence and keep order. It was repealed in 1934
Monroe Doctrine (1823) Spanish American War (1895) Platt Amendment: U.S. can intervene in Cuba to protect democracy Latin America
Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment (1898)- Cuba would be independent after war. No US involvement Platt Amendment (1903)- Cuba could not borrow money or make treaties without US approval Uncle Sam teaches the art of self government
American Diplomacy in Asia Japan and China fought over Korea Japan won and China gave Korea independence and Japan territory in Manchuria Japan had successfully adopted Western technology Russia made Japan give part of Manchuria back to China and later made China lease it to Russia
Chinese ports were taken over by foreign nations & they had special rights there Spheres of influence
American Diplomacy in Asia This leasehold became the center of a sphere of influence, an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development such as railroad and mining. Secretary of State John Hay supported an Open Door Policy in China he believed all countries should be allowed to trade with China.
China: Open Door Policy U.S in Pacific & Asia Sec of State John Hay Goal: U.S wants free trade in China Problem: European countries already controlled Chinese trade
The Open Door Policy (1899) Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.
The Open Door Policy
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 Chinese resistance US and other foreign nations use military to end
Change in Presidents In 1901, President McKinley was shot by a anarchist and would later die because of gangrene from the bullet. This was the 3 rd President to be assassinated and because of this the secret service would be appointed to protect future presidents. Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley s Vice- President, would become the 26 th President of the United States.
American Diplomacy in Asia Theodore Roosevelt won the Noble Peace prize in 1906 for his efforts in stopping the Russo-Japanese war. Russia recognized Japan s territorial gains and Japan was persuaded to stop seeking further territory. After the peace treaty, relations between U.S. and Japan worsened
American Diplomacy in Asia The Great White Fleet 16 battleships of the U.S. were sent around the world to show the country s military strength. Visiting Japan did not help the tension that already existed.
The Great White Fleet: 1907
A Growing Presence in the Caribbean In 1903 Panama was still part of Columbia Columbia refused John Hay s offer to purchase the land and gain rights to build the canal Panamanians decided to declare their independence and make their own deal with the U.S. United States recognized their independence and work on the canal began in 1904. It shortened the distance by about 8,000 nautical miles.
Panama: Acquiring the Canal Zone Colombia controls Panama Roosevelt upset because Colombia will not sell land Panama revolts against Colombia Marines helps Panama win independence Hay-Bunau-Varillia treaty Panama sells land to US to build canal
Panama Canal United States needs quicker transportation from east coast to west coast TR creates a revolution in Panama Columbian control of Panama ended (Construction of canal begins in 1904)
Eradicating the mosquito Problems building it Patient with yellow fever
America Becomes an Imperial Power 73
Panama In return for U.S. support, Panama granted the U.S. unending control over a ten-mile-wide strip of land in Panama. This Panama Canal Zone was handed back to Panama in 1999.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power. Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine which basically made the U.S. the Policemen of the Western Hemisphere. It stated that the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability. President Taft believed that if American business leaders supported Latin America and Asian development, everyone would benefit. His policy came to be called dollar diplomacy.
The Roosevelt Corollary TR warned European nations to stay out One of the greatest concerns was the AND warned Latin American nations to be intervention more responsible of European or the nations U.S. would in Latin America: intervene In 1903, Germany & England threatened to invade Venezuela to collect unpaid debts TR issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 claiming special police powers
U.S. in Latin America Roosevelt Corollary Addition to the Monroe doctrine Policeman of the western hemisphere Big Stick Policies
Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!
Dollar Diplomacy President Taft 1908-1912 Replace European loans with American Economic Imperialism Use dollars instead of bullets to control Latin America Reduce chances of European Intervention in Latin America Urged banks and businesses to invest in Latin American countries Investments in Latin America required U.S. Protection
America Becomes an Imperial Power The Spanish-American War
Why Become an Imperial Power? Historians Offer Some Explanations 1. Psychological Loss of the Frontier 2. International Competition and Concern over Security 3. Military Naval Power 4. Economic The Need for Markets 5. Idealism The Crusader Nation 6. Racism The White Man s Burden
Why Become an Imperial Power? 1. The Psychological Explanation No More Frontier = Fading Democracy Diminished Equality Weakened Individualism Lost Manliness Unless We Find New Frontiers
Why Become an Imperial Power? 2. The International Competition Explanation
Why Become an Imperial Power? 2. The International Competition Explanation
Why Become an Imperial Power? 2. The International Competition Explanation
Why Become an Imperial Power?
Why Become an Imperial Power? 3. The Military Explanation Makes the case for naval strength In the Caribbean and Pacific 1890
Why Become an Imperial Power? 3. The Military Explanation U.S. Navy builds 200 ships in the 1890s 1880 US Navy 12 th in the world 1900 US Navy 3 rd in the world
Why Become an Imperial Power? 4. The Economic Explanation America Now An Industrial Power 1860 1900 % INCREASE FACTORIES 140,500 510,000 263 VALUE FACTORY PROD. $1.9 bil $13 billion 584 INDUSTRIAL WORKERS 1.3 mil 5.1 mil 292 PATENTS ISSUED 4,589 95,573 1,983 1860 1900 % INCREASE OIL 500,000 barrels 45,824,000 barrels 9,065 RAILROADS 30,000 miles 193,000 miles 543 STEEL 13,000 tons 10,382,000 tons 79,762 Gross Nat. Product $7 billion $19 billion 171
Why Become an Imperial Power? 4. The Economic Explanation The Search for New Markets
Why Become an Imperial Power? 4. The Economic Explanation The Panic of 1893 = Great Depression
Why Become an Imperial Power? 5. The Idealism Explanation America has an obligation to promote democracy and human rights Unacceptable to simply to sit by and watch injustice i.e., Cuba
Why Become an Imperial Power? 5. The Idealism Explanation The World s Constable
Why Become an Imperial Power? 6. The Racism Explanation The Dark Races of the World Live in Savagery Therefore: Imperial Powers must take up The White Man s Burden Primitives are Unfit for Self-Rule Therefore: Imperial Powers will rule them Primitive Societies are wasting the natural resources that surround them Therefore: Imperial powers are obligated to take them
Why Become an Imperial Power? 6. The Racism Explanation White Man s Burden
Why Become an Imperial Power? 6. The Racism Explanation White Man s Burden The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory but very rare in fact England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world s civilization. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization Now, children, you ve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you feel as glad to be here as they are! The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.
Global Economy Imperialism led to growth in international trade during the late 1800s and early 1900s. This growth in trade contributed to a global economy. What is global economy and is it good or bad?