Demography and the Study of Southern American English Guy Bailey Universityof Texas at San Antonio Office of the Provost and Executive Vice President 69 North Loop 164 West San Antonio, TX 78249 gbailey@utsa.edu
25 -I Figure 1. Population Growth in Four Regions of the United States, 199-2 (Source: 2 U. S. Census) 2-17.3-15 i '"' "... i: 1 7.9 5 5.5 Northeast Midwest South West Region
Figure 2. Percentage of the Population of the Unites States That Was Foreign Born, 185-2 (Source: u. S. Census) 16 -, 14 Q."""..., 12 :; 1 Q.c Q - 8 IIJl... 6 CJ "'" 4 2 185-186- 187-188- 189-19.. 191-192- 193-194- 195-196.. 197-198- 199-2.. Year
TABLE 1 Demographic Change Among the 1 Largest States (Source:urdock,21) State 2 Total # Change % Change # Change % Change # Change % Pop. Growth Population 199-2 199-2 Anglo Pop. Anglo Pop. Non-Anglos Due to Non-Anglos California 33,871,648 4,111,627 13.8-635,635-3.73 4,747,262 1 Texas 2,851,82 3,865,31 22.8 783,36 7.61 3,82,274 8 New York 18,976,457 98,2 5.5-538,818-4.32 1,518,82 1 Florida 15,982,378 3,44,452 23.5 1,93,542 11.54 1,95,91 64 Illinois 12,419,293 988,691 8.6-35,722 -.42 1,24,413 1 Pennsylvania 12,281,54 399,411 3.4-49,9 -.47 446,42 1 Ohio 11,353,14 56,25 4.7 159,928 1.69 346,97 68 Michigan 9,938,444 643,147 6.9 256,678 3.36 386,469 6 New Jersey 8,414,35 684,162 8.9-93,62-1.64 777,782 1 Georgia 8J86453 L78237 26.4 627.337 13.81 LO89 63 Note: Anglo white, non-hispanic
r, American Indian Hispanic Asian FigLire 3 EthnicDiversi1y inthe U.S. Black Counties are shaded when am ethnic goup.s population is greater than the national average.
Figure 4. Percentage of the Total Population by Region That Spoke a Language Other Than English at Home, 199 and 2, and Percentage That Spoke English Less Than Well in 2 (Source: U.S. Census Bureau) 35 "" 3-29.4.S 25... - c- c :: 2... 15 bj)... <I,} t 1 14.3 5 199-2- 2-LTW I EJNortheast (i] Midwest IZ1 South [fjwest I
Figure 5. Projected Growth of the Population of the United States, 225(Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, Table 94) 45,, ", 4,, 35,, -c. 3,, 25,, t.t-i - 'S 2,, i 15,, 1,, 5,, 2-21- 22-23- 24-25- Year
Figure 6. The Effects of Different Groups on Population Growth in the United States, 2-25 (percentage Growth of Each Group) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, Table 94 All other 217.1 Hispanic Asian African-Am Anglo Total 5 1 15 2 25 Percentage Growth
Figure 6a. Changes in the Ethnic Composition of the United States, 2-25 (Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, Table 94) 8 --".'._"._'-' 7 69.4 I EJAnglo IZIAfrican Am [it Hispanic El Asian [;SAll Other I.,.... 6 :; 5 Q -.s 4 Q Q... 3 ;. 2 1 2-25-
. Figure 7. Variation in the Growth Rate of Southern States, 199-2(Source:V.S. Census Bureau) 3 -, 25!"-I 2 CJ 1-4 15.a CJ 1 5 GA FL TX NC TN SC VA AK MS AL OK KY LA wv
Figure 8. The Reversal of the Great Migration (Source: Frey, Abresch, and Yeasting 21) 2, 18, 184, IiIBlacks Arriving, 1965-7 EillBlacks Leaving, 199-95 16, a 14, Q.. 12,.,. 1,......2P 8,... Z 6, 4, 2, Northeast Midwest West Region
Figure 9. Changes in the Ethnic Composition of the South, 2-225 (Source: Murdock, Hoque, Pecotte, and White, 2) 8 -,.-,--_. 7 68.8 61.7 62.4... 6... - c; c. 5 -,f! c:> Q,) 4 -S c:> 3... 2 19 2.4 14.6 1 2-225- 225-US I E:;)Anglo [2JAfrican Am [J Hispanic ITiJOther I
TABLE 2 The Use of Languages Other than English in the American South (Source: V.S. Census Bureau) State % Using a Language % Using Spanish % Speaking English % Linguistically % of Households in other than English at Home Not Well or Not at All Isolated which All Speak at home Another Language Alabama 3.9 2.2.8.7 1.8 Arkansas 5. 3.3 1.3 1.3 2.8 Florida.23.1,16.5 ' 5.6 5.9 ' 17.9 Georgia 9.9 5.6 2.9 3. 6.6 Kentucky 3.9 1.9.8.8 1.9 Louisiana 9.2 '2.5'.1 1.3 4.8 Mississippi 3.6 1.9.7.6 1.4 N. Carolina 8. 5. 2.4 2.5 5.1 Oklahoma 7.4 4.4 1.6 1.7 4.3 S. Carolina 5.2 2.9 1.1 1.1 2.6 Tennessee 4.8 2.5 1.1 1.1 2.6 Texas 31.2 '27. 7.4 7.8 23.7.' 'Virginia,ILl ' '4.8 ',,' 2.2 ' 24 7.4. W. Virginia 2.7 1..3.2.9 United States 17.9 1.7 4.2 4.5 12.9
TABLE 3 Variation in the Nativity of Residents of the American South Source: U.S. Census Bureau STATE Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia % Born in State 73.4 63.9 32.7 57.8 73.7 79.4 74.3 63. 62.6 64. 64.7 62.2 51.9 74.2 % Born in Other States 24. 32.9 47.9 34. 23.8 17.5 23.8 3.8 32.8 32.2 31.9 22.8 38.5 24.3 % Born in Other Countries 2. 2.8 16.7 7.1 1.2 2.6 1.4 5.3 3.8 2.9 2.8 13.9 8.1 1.1
Figure 1. Percentage of Families Below the Poverty Level by Ethnic Group and By Metro/Non-Metro Residence (Source: Murdock, Hoque, Pecotte, and White, 2) 3..,- 26.9 c. 25-21.1 2.1 24.6 '-' - Co;) 2... t Q,) 15 > 15.3 Q,).;: 1 -Q,)... 1.4 Q,) Q,) 5 4.9 Anglo African Am Hispanic Other \le:]metroresidentsd Non-MetroResidentsI
Figure 11. The Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on College Participation (The Percentage of 18-24 Year Olds in Each Group Enrolled in Higher Education [Source: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, July 21]) 7-6 58.9 IiiMales IZJFemales CD.! 5 t) c.- 4 "C..! "2 an 3. ċcd :. 2 25.3 32.8 1 I Anglo African Am Asian/PI Hispanic-Wh Hispanic-SI Ethnic Group Other Avg.AII
. Figure 12. Average Family Income by Educational Attainment of Householder, 2 (Source: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, October 21) 16, 14, 11'.) 12,.. <:> 1,... a<:> 8, C'J 6, a 4, 123,587 138,961 2, q v o:,,, r:j '\- r:j»flj +" Educational Attainment
Figure 13. Number of Four-Year Colleges and Universities by Admissions Security, 1986 and 21 (Postsecondary Education Opportunity, July 21) 7 6 - IiJ1986 I3n 21 5 U.. 4."",!:I:I - c:> 3. c:> J. Q,).c 2 a z 1 Highly select. Selective Traditional Liberal Open Selectivity
Figure 14. Estimated Annual Slave Importations (Source: Flanders, 1998) 14 ; 12 > - " 1... ;. Qa 8 - C+III 6.Q a i 4... a.,.... IZI 2 1731-174 1741-175 1751-176 1761-177 1771-178 1781-179 1791-18 181-187 Decade
Figure 15. Distribution of Slaves by Size of Holding in 186 (Source: Kolchin, 1993) 5... U 6 4... "'C - 3 52.7 1i11-9 Slaves G:J1-49 Slaves El5-199 Slaves D 2+ Slaves 1ZI - 2..... 1 Upper South Lower South South Total Jamaica Region
Figure 16. Distribution of Slaves by Region (Source: Kolchin, 1993).-.J:I.- 12. 1 8 111179 E8186 1,-Vl Q..,.Q Ea i- 6-4... (J.. 2 Upper South Lower South South Total Region
Figure 17. The Expansion of Farm Tenancy in the South and in Texas (Source: Foley, 1997) 7 - ri'j... 6 5 J. 4 ri'j J. e ; 3 bi).a 2 J. 1 -e--south -8- Texas 188-189- 19-191- Decade 192-193- 194-
Figure 18. Racial Differences in the Expansion of Farm Tenancy in Texas (Source: Foley, 1997) 8 r'-1... 7 6 :. 5,.cl 4 a:. 3.5 t 2 61.8 47.5 J.. 1 19-191- -e- Whites --- AfricanAmericans Decade 192-193- 194-
Figure 19. The Growth of Towns and Cities in the South, 188-191 (cities communities with populations greater than 25,; towns communities with populations greater than 5) Source: Frank, 1999 16 -r:-- 14 I El186 1i1191I 14 t) 12 U..cl 1."",.-.-... 8 e aq 6 U '+-c Q Q,) El Z 4 2 4 ",>,>,><>',><\:\.:\>,:\\<\;:<:"<",,>,I Cities 18 Towns
Figure 2. Number of Villages Crossing the Urban Threshold (reaching populations of 25) between 188 and 191 (Source: Ayers, 1992) 25 217 r:i.i Q E-i 2 t)j).- 15 bj) -.- ;;> 1 Q.Cl a Z 5 188-189-. 19-191- Decade
Figure 21. The Great Migration: Net Migration out of the South for African Americans and Whites, 191-196 (Source: Kirby, 1987) 1,6, 1,4, 1,2,. AfricanAmericans WhitesI "" "" "" "" "". Q. - 1,,... a Q.- Q... J..- 8, 6, -------.,/ /'... Z 4, 2, 191-19 192..29 193-39 194-49 195-59 Decade
Figure 22. The Consequences of the Great Migration: The Percentage of African Americans Living Outside of the South at Three Points in Time (Source: U.S. Census) 5 "-1""-' 45-4 Q.c 5 35.- 3.. 25 -< -S 2 i3 15 S 1 tq,) 5 191-194- 197-