PREFACE The writer would like to give thanks to the Lord Jesus Christ for all His blessings in every step during the completion of this thesis. This thesis titled INDONESIA S STRATEGY IN COMBATING ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED, AND UNREGULATED (IUU) FISHING WITHIN INDONESIAN WATERS is composed as the academic requirement to obtain a Bachelor Degree in International Relations Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Pelita Harapan. The writer believes this thesis would not be able to be completed in time without moral supports and direct guidance from various parties. Thus, the writer would use this opportunity to express the greatest gratitude to: 1) Mr. Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph.D, as the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Science. 2) Ms. Susy Tekunan, B.A., MBA., M.A., as the Head of International Relations Department. 3) Mr. Drs. Ignatius Ismanto, M.Si., M.A., as the thesis advisor who contributed his endless guidance and motivation towards the completion of this thesis. 4) Mr. Roy Vincentius Pratikno, B.Sc., M.M., as the Coordinator of Final Project who contributed his time and support towards the completion of this thesis. vi
5) Mr. Dr. Victor Silaen, M.A. (deceased), as the academic advisor who contributed his guidance towards the completion of the writer s learning process. 6) All the lecturers who have taught the writer during the learning process in Pelita Harapan University. 7) Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Staff who have helped the writer in all administration matters. 8) Mrs. Ir. Sere Alina Tampubolon, M.Pst, as the Director of Fisheries Resource Surveillance, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, who has been interviewed by the writer. 9) Ms. Risha Jilian, as the representative from Directorate ASEAN Political Security Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, who has been interviewed by the writer. 10) My beloved parents (Sudarto Wasdi and Christina Tini S), for the endless love, moral and material supports in every life step that I take. 11) My beloved sister (Miske Apriyanti), brother-in-law (Romeo Chandra), and two adorable nieces (Bianca and Abigail), for the motivation and smiles to brighten up my daily life. 12) My Divergent, Stella, Rachel, Victor, Timothy, Yohan, Fadi, for the unending support and cheering during my university life and of course the completion of this thesis. vii
13) All of my beloved friends, Wilbert, Sara, Vinna, Kelvin, Calvin, Airien, Hideo, Cyntia, Jovita, Jane, Nadya, Randy, Louis, Ono, Wulan, Publica, Ara, for the endless support who always ready to hear all my thoughts. 14) Many parties who involved directly or indirectly in the completion if this thesis. The writer realizes that this thesis is far from perfection, thus any critics and recommendations would be truly appreciated. The writer hopes that this thesis would be useful to the readers and enhance the readers knowledge about IUU fishing issue, specifically the International Relations students. Karawaci, 8 January 2016 Agnes Florencia Tania viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY THESIS ADVISOR APPROVAL EXAMINATION BOARD APPROVAL ABSTRACT... iv ABSTRAK... v PREFACE... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix TABLE OF APPENDICES... xi TABLE OF FIGURES... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background... 1 1.2 Research Problem... 5 1.3 Objectives... 6 1.4 Research Contributions... 6 1.5 Systematic of Writing... 7 CHAPTER II ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Literature Review... 9 2.2 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework... 17 2.2.1 Neo-Liberalism... 17 2.2.2 Foreign Policy... 20 2.2.3 International Regime... 22 2.2.4 Non-Traditional Security... 24 2.2.5 Regional Cooperation... 28 2.2.6 Transnational Crime... 29 ix
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Scope of Research...32 3.2 Type of Research Method... 33 3.3 Type and Source of Data... 35 3.4 Data Collecting Technique... 35 3.5 Data Analysis Technique... 37 CHAPTER IV DATA AND ANALYSIS 4.1 IUU Fishing as Global Problem... 40 4.1.1 Definition of IUU Fishing... 40 4.1.2 IUU Fishing as Transnational Crime... 42 4.1.3 IUU Fishing as Non-Traditional Security Issue... 47 4.2 Indonesia s Stance in Combating IUU Fishing... 50 4.2.1 The Ratification of UNCLOS 1982... 50 4.2.2 Law Enforcement about IUU Fishing Regulations... 57 4.2.3 Indonesian Foreign Policy under Joko Widodo... 68 4.3 Regional Cooperation and Indonesia s Strategy...75 4.3.1 Indonesia s Involvement in Regional Cooperation... 75 4.3.1.1 ASEAN Norms... 77 4.3.1.2 ASEAN Political Security Community... 79 4.3.1.3 Upcoming Challenges in ASEAN... 82 4.3.2 Indonesia s Response... 88 4.3.2.1 Indonesia Thailand Bilateral Relations... 89 4.3.2.2 Indonesia Philippines Bilateral Relations... 91 4.3.2.3 Indonesia Vietnam Bilateral Relations... 92 4.3.2.4 Is Bilateral Approach Solve the Issue?... 94 CHAPTER V CLOSURE 5.1 Conclusion... 98 5.2 Recommendations...105 BIBLIOGPRAPHY... 108 x
TABLE OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A Monitoring Sheet for Final Project Consultation......A-1 Proof Read Approval... A-2 Proof Reader s Curriculum Vitae... A-3 APPENDIX B Interview Transcript I with the Representative from ASEAN Political Security Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Indonesia...B-1 Interview Transcript II with the Director of Fisheries Resources Surveillance, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia... B-2 APPENDIX C Nature and Scope of IUU Fishing in International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA- IUU)....C-1 Legal Basis for Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Decree No. KEP.50/MEN/2012 about National Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing during the period of 2012-2016....C-2 Article 69 of Law No. 45 Year 2009 about Fisheries... C-3 Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand in Fisheries Cooperation........ C-4 Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on Marine and Fisheries Cooperation......C-5 xi
Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on Marine and Fisheries Cooperation...... C-6 APPENDIX D Curriculum Vitae... D-1 xii
TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Indonesia s Border based on TZMKO 1939 (before Djuanda Declaration)... 51 Figure 4.2 Indonesia s Border after Djuanda Declaration (based on UNCLOS)... 53 Figure 4.3 Table of Fisheries Management Area Republic of Indonesia (Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia)...59 Figure 4.4 Map of Fisheries Management Area Republic of Indonesia... 59 xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APSC ARF ASEAN AFCF Bakamla CCRF CCSBT EEZ EEZI FAO IGOs IOTC IPE IPOA-IUU IR ITLOS IUU JTC ASEAN Political-Security Community ASEAN Regional Forum Association of South East Asia Nations ASEAN Fisheries Consultative Forum Badan Keamanan Laut Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Commission for Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna Economic Exclusive Zone Exclusive Economic Zone Indonesia The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Inter-Governmental Organizations Indian Ocean Tuna Commission International Political Economy International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing International Relations International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Joint Technical Committee xiv
KKP Kemenhub MCS MoU POLAIR RFMO RPOA-IUU SIKPI SIPI TZMKO TNI-AL UNCLOS UNCLOS III UNODC UNTOC UPI VMS WCPFC WPP-RI Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Kementerian Perhubungan Monitoring, Controlling, and Surveillance Memorandum of Understanding Polisi Air Regional Fisheries Management Organization Regional Plan of Action to Promote Responsible Fishing Practices Including Combating IUU Fishing in the Southeast Asia Region Surat Izin Kapal Pengangkut Ikan Surat Izin Penangkapan Ikan Territoriale Zee en Maritieme Kringen Ordonnantie Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea 3 rd United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Unit Pengolahan Ikan Vessel Monitoring System Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia xv