Magistrates Court Mock Trial Competition 2018/19 England, Wales and Northern Ireland Supported by Working with Organised in partnership with HM Courts & Tribunals Service
Introduction Your team will contain two prosecution lawyers and two defence lawyers. Each lawyer will present one examination-in-chief and one cross examination as well as an opening or closing speech. Remember, you are marked on your performance, not the verdict. Rules of Professional Conduct You should call other lawyers my learned friend - pronounced learn-ed (meaning qualified lawyer). Prosecuting You introduce any credible evidence, even if it suggests that the defendant is not guilty. This ensures that the court reaches the right verdict, not just a guilty verdict. Defending You put forward the case that the defendant wishes, even if it is unlikely/unpopular. Do no establish the defendant s innocence if they have admitted guilt. Defendants have a right to be tried by magistrates and not by lawyers. Top tips Do Make your questioning conversational Know your objectives with every witness - make a list if required, but be flexible Commit the witness to detail before you make your point* Think about what aspects would trouble you if you had to decide the case Allow your witness to answer your questions - Don t Repeat question already asked Make questions into statements Ask long or multiple questions without purpose Exceed the time allocations as set out in the order of procedure Rely on pre-prepared s Express your personal opinion Give evidence. You are only presenting the cases. don t talk over them or bully them! *E.g. don t just ask, Do you think it s strange that the defendant was not with you when the alleged incident took place? Build up to it and give them a chance to provide an explanation: Was the defendant with you at the time the incident took place? Did she tell you where she was going? Did you see her enter the toliets? Are the toliets anywhere near the dance floor? 2 Young Citizens 2018
Competition Rules Leading questions During the examination-in-chief you must not put words into the mouth of the witnesses, nor phrase questions to invite a particular answer. To avoid leading, use questions that start with What, Why, When, How, Where, Who. Here are some examples: NO You went into the shop, didn t you? Would you say that the assailant was a tall person? Is it true that the defendant is an aggressive person? YES Where did you go next? What did the assailant look like? How did the defendant behave? Introducing new evidence Ask witness X about something witness Y said or did, only if witness Y has given evidence about it already. Also, do not ask a witness a question they cannot answer from their statement. You will be marked down for this as it its considered introducing new evidence. Speaking from a memorised All of the names that we use in the cases are not gender-specific in order to enable the roles to be played by both male and female students. You should be prepared to refer to the person to whom you are actually speaking to (or about) at the actual trial on the day of the heat by the gender of the actual person, do ask which pronoun they would like used. You will be marked down for speaking from a memorised if you don t follow the rule, so be careful! Previous inconsistent statements If a witness earlier written statement differs in any way with what hey say in the box, you may question this discrepency in the cross-examination. For example, a witness could claim that they saw the defendant carrying a knife, but in their written statement, that they could not remember this. Before asking the witness about this, you must ask if they made any statement on a particular date, and if they agree with what is written. Hearsay evidence This is evidence of the oral statements of a person other than the witness who is testifying, and cannot be used in competition. For example, witness Kate states that ahe heard Alice saying that Tony (the defendent) told her he committed the crime. Tony s confession is hearsay: it is not something Kate saw or heard. The witness who should give the evidence is Alice. Cases of hearsay require an application to be made to the judge trying the case. s indentification slips When you get ready to start the trial in the court room the legal adviser will ask for your name, please make sure you say your name clearly. 3 Young Citizens 2018
Task List for s Analyse statements of the witnesses you are questioning. Prepare an opening (Prosecution 1 only) or closing speech (Defence 1 only). Prepare an examination-in-chief. Prepare a cross examination. Give the legal adviser your name so they can fill in ID slips. Opening speech (Prosecution 1 only) You will need to include the Burden of Proof, the charge that has to be proved, the facts, and the disputed facts (see case). Examination-in-chief You have called the witness and will get the facts from him/her first: Establish all the main points of your case as clearly as possible; Don t leave your witness vulnerable to cross examination by allowing them the opportunity to give reasons for things that might strike the magistrates as strange; Don t use leading questions. Cross examination You are examining the opponent s witnesses: Highlight flaws and inconsistencies in the opposition s case - you could use leading question to expose contradictions. However, try not to be too aggressive; Put your case to the opponent s witness. Closing speech (Defence 1 only) This is made after all of the witnesses have given their evidence and been cross-examined: Don t refer to facts that have not been given in evidence during that particular trial; Emphasise the weaknesses in the prosecution s case - examine each one for its value; Refer to the law, but not in detail; Remind magistrates that they cannot convict unless the prosecution have made them sure, beyond reasonable doubt, of the defendant s guilt. Include quotes from the witnesses to back up your points. Please note that lawyers cannot interrupt or object during the trial - only lead magistrates and court stewards are allowed to do so. 4 Young Citizens 2018
The Court Layout Please note that this layout of a Magistrates Court is set out as an example only. In reality, courts might have a different layout. Magistrates Usher Usher Witness box Legal adviser Defendant Prosecution lawyers Defence lawyers The dock Prosecution witnesses Defence witness Judges Press and public gallery 5 Young Citizens 2018
How to Write an Opening Speech Aims To give the jury a basic outline of the case; To set the scene for the court. What to include An explanation of the burden of proof; A brief outline of the facts of the case; An explanation of the issues in the case the issues in dispute. Structuring your opening speech Only give the basic facts of the case, not too much detail; Make sure you get the gender of the witnesses right! Check this before the trial starts; Write your speech as notes so that you don t just read it out (don t forget you lose marks if you use a ); Use large text, bullet points and sub-headings in your notes. Scoring You will get up to 10 marks for your opening speech. The assessment criteria are: Number of Marks 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Lasts over four minutes Lasts over four minutes Lasts four minutes Lasts four minutes Lasts four minutes Read completely from a Mainly read from a Some reliance on a Little reliance on a Virtually no reliance on a New evidence Some new evidence Unclear or inaccuate Unclear or inaccurate in places Mainly clear and accuate Information virtually all accurate Information completely accurate 6 Young Citizens 2018
Opening Speech - An Example Members of the jury, I appear for the prosecution in this trial and my learned friend Ms Jones appears for the defendant Mr Fearon. I would like to take this opportunity to explain to you what the prosecution claims this case is all about. On 14th September last year, at about 6.30 in the morning, a number of police officers attended the defendant s address in order to look for illegal drugs. The police officers forced entry to the defendant s one-bedroom flat and while they didn t find the defendant, what they did find forms the basis of this prosecution. In his sitting room there were three cling film wraps of a hard yellow substance. These items were later forensically examined and found to contain cocaine. In addition, a small amount of cannabis was found in the defendant s bedroom. A number of other items were also seized, including two sets of digital scales, four mobile phones and two laptops. The defendant went to Kennington police station later that evening where he was arrested and then interviewed in the presence of his solicitor. In his interview, the defendant said that he lived at the flat alone, but claimed that he did not spend much time there as he did not feel safe at that address, having been burgled earlier that year. He also said that he had seen men with guns outside his front door a few weeks before. He said that the last time he had been there was four days before and that he had been staying with his father in Wembley. He said that he had left the front door locked but that his spare key had been missing since the burglary. He denied any knowledge of the items seized from his flat, and suggested that perhaps someone put them there in order to set him up. When asked if he had ever been arrested for Class A drugs or cannabis, he said no. However, during this case you will hear that the defendant does have previous convictions for drug-related offences. Mr Fearon is charged with possessing a controlled drug under section 5(3) and intending to supply that drug to another under section 4(1) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. There is no doubt that the drugs and associated paraphernalia were in Mr Fearon s flat. What you need to decide is whether you believe that the drugs belonged to the defendant, and that he intended to sell them to other people or whether the drugs were placed in his flat by another person. I would like to take this opportunity to remind you of the burden of proof. The Crown brings this case against the defendant, and it is for the Crown to prove it. The defendant need not prove anything. Furthermore, the Crown must satisfy you so that you are sure that Mr Fearon is guilty, nothing less than being sure will suffice. So if you merely suspect or have a hunch that the defendant is guilty but are not sure, then you must return verdicts of not guilty. On the other hand, if you are completely sure that he has committed the alleged offences, then you must find him guilty. 7 Young Citizens 2018
How to Write a Closing Speech Aims To persuade the jury to find in favour of your verdict; To remind the jury of the burden of proof. What to include A brief outline of the law in the case; A summary of the evidence that has been heard in court that proves your case; A short reminder of the burden of proof. Structuring your closing speech You must only rely on the evidence heard in court. You cannot include things that were not talked about in questioning, even if they are in the witness statements Write your speech as notes not as a. You could write it in full and then turn it into notes if this is easier. In your notes, include all of the possible things that you might say but ensure you do not say them unless mentioned in court; Use large text, bullet points and sub-headings in your notes; During the trial, you can tick any points of evidence that are mentioned by witnesses and cross out any that are not. You can also add any new points; Make sure you get the gender of the witnesses right! Check this before the trial starts. Scoring You will get up to 10 marks for your closing speech. The assessment criteria are: Number of Marks 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Lasts over four minutes Read completly from a New evidence Unclear or inaccurate Lasts over four minutes Mainly read from a Some new evidence Unclear or inaccurate in places Lasts four minutes Some reliance on a Mainly clear and accurate Lasts four minutes Little reliance on a Information virtually all accurate Lasts four minutes Virtually no reliance on a Information completly accurate 8 Young Citizens 2018
Closing Speech - An Example Summary of Facts The defendant is charged with theft. The prosecution case is that the accused was found in possession of stolen children s clothes on the 12th November 2017. The store manager of a Next store on Long Acre in Covent Garden, Mr Acton, claims that the items that were stolen from his store. The accused, Harding, denies that he committed this offence and described how he was sleeping rough at the time due to unfortunate personal circumstances and that on his way through Bull Inn Court he saw packs of clothes in an alleyway that he believed were rejects. He placed them in his holdall without thinking of what use he could make of them. The Law Section 1.1 of the Theft Act (1968) provides that a person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention to permanently deprive the other of it. When preparing to give your closing speech you should produce a checklist such as the one below. Check off the items when they become relevant. Remember you cannot refer to evidence unless it has been stated by the witness. Offence Common law crime of Theft Witness 1 Clothes found on Harding were similar to those stolen from Mr Acton s store. Could he be sure they were from his store and not another? Defendant Was sleeping rough and found the clothes in an alley; Took the clothes without thinking what use he could make of them; Wrong place at the wrong time? Burden of proof The burden of proof is the duty of one party in a legal case to convince the decision-maker (jury) that their version of the facts is true. Speech Members of the jury, you have now heard all of the evidence in this case, of which I would like to take this opportunity to remind you. The Defendant, Harding is accused of Theft contrary to section 1.1 of the Theft Act (1968). The first witness you heard from today was PC Barclay, who caught Mr Harding apparently red-handed with supposedly stolen items in his holdall. It would be easy to look no further into the other evidence in this case and convict him straight away. But it s not as simple as that, is it, members of the jury? 9 Young Citizens 2018
If we all sit down and analyse what we have heard during this trial you may think that we start to get niggling doubts. You may suspect, believe or are unsure that Mr Harding committed the alleged offence, but if that s the case, members of the jury, then you will be obliged to acquit. Why? The Crown brings this case and it is for them to prove it. Mr Harding need not prove anything at all, let alone his innocence. The Crown must satisfy you so that you are sure of his guilt - nothing less than sure will suffice. So if you find yourself saying might or possibly or even probably when you retire to consider the evidence then you know what the appropriate verdict would be not guilty. There are three topics I would like to discuss with you which concern the evidence that the prosecution have put before you, firstly 1. Evidence that items were stolen 2. Assumptions made by the prosecution 3. The strengths in the defence case (Take each point in turn.) 1. Evidence that items were stolen Having heard the statement of Mr Acton, you may think that his account is incapable of making you sure that Mr Harding is guilty. First of all we heard that he recognised that the items found in Mr Harding s possession as those sold by Next. You would be forgiven for thinking so what? Members of the jury, how could that prove they had been stolen? Second, we were told that the Next store on Long Acre in Covent Garden had four of each of the styles of clothing found on Mr Harding missing from the store, once again you would be forgiven for thinking so what? Whilst Mr Acton stated that, in his opinion, the items were likely to have been stolen from his store, ask yourselves whether that is enough to Mr Harding - after all he isn t an expert, it s just his opinion. Furthermore, you will remember that you have to be sure before you can return a guilty verdict and so something being more likely than not falls well below that requisite standard. The fact of the matter is that there is no evidence to suggest those items were taken from the store. Third, we have seen that there is another Next store on the Strand. We have heard nothing about any enquiries being made by police at that nearby shop. Therefore, can you rule out the possibility that the items may have originated from that store and been discarded? You may think that you cannot. So what are we left with members of the jury? You may think that we are left with no evidence to prove the items were stolen. A witness, who in their non-expert opinion thought a theft was likely but can put it no higher than that. A witness who at the most can say that items similar to those on Mr Harding were missing and an investigation which didn t include any enquiries at the Next store around the corner from where Mr Harding says he found the items. All in all, you may think that the evidence that the items were stolen is simply too weak to sustain the weight placed on it by the prosecution. 10 Young Citizens 2018
2. Assumptions made by the prosecution Members of the jury, you may think that the Crown s case is based almost entirely upon assumptions. We ve heard that PC Barclay merely assumed that Mr Harding was trying to avoid him because he started to cross the road after he thought he had noticed him. We also heard that PC Barclay merely assumed that Mr Harding may have stolen the items in his holdall as he had arrested him previously for a similar offence. But that is all that they are, members of the jury; they are assumptions. You may think that these assumptions are simply not enough to result in a guilty verdict. You may think that the Crown has merely assumed that Mr Harding has committed the alleged offence because he has relevant previous convictions. They have rounded up their usual suspects instead of conducting a proper investigation. You may think that if they have to rely on things that Mr Harding has done in the past -- which have nothing to do with this allegation -- in order to prove their case, then it speaks volumes about how strong they think their evidence is. You may think that if we strip away the police and prosecution s assumptions the Crown is left with nothing concrete to support their case, raising real doubts about whether Mr Harding is guilty of the alleged offence. 3. The strengths in the defence case: You may wish, therefore, to consider the strengths of the defence case. Mr Harding gave a coherent explanation during his testimony regarding his difficult personal circumstances at the time. He told us that he was sleeping rough and that, after he had gone to church, he decided to cut through the Bull Inn Court to get to the Strand. He saw packs of clothes in that alleyway, and believing that they had been discarded as seconds or rejects -- as he knew often occurred -- placed them in his holdall without thinking of what use he could make of them. We ve heard that he was arrested soon after, and whilst PC Barclay claimed that Mr Harding said that he had been given them back after being released from prison, you may think that it just doesn t make sense that he said that as he doesn t have any children. You may think that this testimony shows that he has nothing to hide and that his account of the events in question is an honest one. 4. Standard and burden of proof The burden of proof lies with the prosecution. If they have convinced you so that you are absolutely sure that the defendant is guilty, then you must convict. However, if there is any doubt in your mind as to whether the defendant committed this act of theft after hearing the evidence in court today, you must find him not guilty. 11 Young Citizens 2018
How to Write an Examination-in-Chief Aims To help your witness explain to the jury what they saw, heard or did; To persuade the jury to find the verdict you want Structuring your examination-in-chief Start by asking the witness their name, which pronoun they would like used and their occupation; Write notes instead of writing your questions out in full; Work together with the witnesses you will be questioning. Important information Leading Questions You must not ask leading questions during examination-in-chief; These put words into the witness s mouth and are usually yes/no questions; To avoid leading questions, ask questions that start: What/Why/When/How/Where and Who Witnesses Witnesses must talk to the jury when they answer your questions, not you! Remind them if they forget to do this. Scoring You will get up to 10 marks for your examination-in-chief. The assessment criteria are: Lasts over four minutes 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Read completely from a New evidence Questions too long and complex Lasts over four minutes Mainly read from a Some new evidence Some questions too long and complex Number of Marks Lasts four minutes Some reliance on a Most questions clear and concise Lasts four and a half minutes or less Little reliance on a Nearly all questions clear and concise Lasts four half minutes minutes Virtually no reliance on a All questions clear and concise 12 Young Citizens 2018
Examination-in-Chief - An Example Could you state your name, preferred pronoun and occupation for the court? Mr Harding, I am currently unemployed. Where were you on 12th November 2017? I was walking through Bulls Inn Court in Covent Garden. Is there anything in particular that you remember about that day? Yes, I found some clothes in an alleyway. What time was this? About 6.30pm. What do you remember thinking when you saw the clothes? That they must have been dumped there by the shop because they were rejects. Why would you think that? Because it often happens, that clothes are thrown out if they aren t okay by the shops standards. What were the clothes like? They were children s clothes. Do you have children Mr Harding? No. Why did you pick them up? I don t know; I didn t really think about what I d do with them I just picked them up and put them in my holdall. What happened next? I walked to the end of the alley way and crossed the road, then a police officer came up to me and arrested me. What did you do? I told him I didn t steal them and that I found them in the alleyway behind the shop. What did the policeman say? He said he didn t believe me because he had arrested me for stealing before. I said I had just got out of prison and didn t want to go back so why would I steal anything Had you visited the Next store that day? No. Had you visited any Next store that day? No. Thank you Mr Harding, I have no further questions. 13 Young Citizens 2018
How to Write a Cross-Examination Aims To point out the problems and inconsistencies in the opposition s case; To put your case to the opponent s witness. Structuring your examination-in-chief; Write notes instead of writing your questions out in full Be prepared for the unexpected! You will be questioning someone fom the other team and you don t know what they will say; A flow chart is a good way to write your questions so you can prepare for the unexpected, an example is below No Yes Drunk Yes Had 2 bottles of wine must have been Didn t really see then? Important information You can ask leading questions in cross-examination; You can bring up inconsistencies with other witnesses that have given evidence; Be polite instead of aggressive so the witness will help you; No Make sure you get the witnesses gender right! Check this before the trial starts. Scoring You will get up to 10 marks for your examination-in-chief. The assessment criteria are: Lasts over four minutes 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Read completely from a New evidence Questions too long and complex Lasts over four minutes Mainly read from a Some new evidence Some questions too long and complex Number of Marks Lasts four minutes Some reliance on a Most questions clear and concise Lasts four and a half minutes or less Little reliance on a Nearly all questions clear and concise Lasts four and a half minutes or less Virtually no reliance on a All questions clear and concise 14 Young Citizens 2018
Cross-Examination - An Example Mr Harding, could you just remind the court of your initial reaction when you saw the clothes lying in the alleyway, as you say they were. I wasn t really surprised, they do that a lot. If clothes are faulty or seconds they just throw them out. To the extent that you picked up these clothes that you believed to be faulty and put them in your bag? Yes. Yet they were children s clothes? Do you have children Mr Harding? No. So why would you pick them up? What use are they? I m not sure. I didn t really think it through; I saw them so I picked them up Did you steal the clothes Mr Harding? No, I told you I picked them up from the alley way. You stole them to sell them didn t you? To make money. You had after all just left prison, and by your own admission were not in the best of circumstances No. I didn t steal them. When you saw PC Barclay why did you try to avoid him and cross the road? I didn t try to avoid him I just needed to cross the street. You needed to cross the street at that very moment, when if you had stayed on the same path, just 90 meters away you could have cut through an alleyway to the station you were heading for, is that correct? I don t know. You don t know? Are you familiar with that area Mr Harding? Had you been sleeping around that area for long? Yes, the officer knew me so he just made assumptions. Did he make assumptions because he had seen you around that area before? Yes. Is it fair to say Mr Harding that you are familiar with that area? Yes. So familiar, in fact, that you would have known that if you had stayed on that path for another 90 meters you would have come to an alleyway that would take you straight to the station rather than crossing the road to avoid Mr Barclay and adding several minutes to your journey? I don t know. I wasn t avoiding him, I just crossed the road. I don t like him anyway; he arrested me before, I thought he would again. 15 Young Citizens 2018
But if you re innocent as you claim you are Mr Harding, you would have nothing to hide would you? I don t have anything to hide, but I knew what he would think. He would see the clothes and think I d stolen them. So you admit that you crossed the road because you knew he would want to search you and would find the clothes on your possession? I suppose so. I didn t want him to get the wrong idea. Is it correct that you have previously been arrested for theft? Yes. In fact all your previous convictions are for theft aren t they Mr Harding? Yes. So we could forgive PC Barclay for assuming you had stolen these items as it is something he knows you have done before? Well yes but I didn t do it this time. Is it the case that it was an impulse that you just took them because that s what you do when you want things? You just take them? No, not at all. They re kid s clothes why would I want them. That s precisely my point, as you say you found them on the floor why would you possibly want them? I don t know. I just picked them up, I told you. Ok, thank you Mr Harding. I have no further questions. 16 Young Citizens 2018
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