Define or discuss the following with detail: REVIEW FOR CHAPTERS 18 TEST 1. Fort Sumter Where the first shots of the Civil War were fired in South Carolina. 2. Lincoln s First Inaugural Address Lincoln stated he would preserve the Union and had no intention of removing slavery from the South. He passionately spoke about staying together. 3. Gettysburg Address Address Lincoln gave to commemorate the dead at Gettysburg. He also celebrated that there will be a new birth of freedom and government of the people. 4. Emancipation Proclamation On January 1, 1863 Lincoln fulfilled his earlier proclamation that slaves that were in states that were in rebellion were free, now and forever and those freedmen could enlist in the military. 5. Lincoln s Second Inaugural Address Lincoln declares his commitment to a just and lasting peace and celebrates the suffering of both sides in this terrible war that has just ended. 6. Ulysses S. Grant Led the Union army during the Civil War. Elected President after Johnson. Graduate of West Point, fought in the Mexican American War, accepted Confederate surrender. 7. Hiram Revels Former slave who became the first African American senator. He served in a Black Regiment from Mississippi during the Civil War. He and other African American congressmen pushed for free public schools for African Americans. 8. Crispus Attucks Killed at the Boston Massacre 9. James Armistead fought as a spy for the Americans during the Revolutionary War. 10. William Carney African American who fought with the 54 th Massachusetts. Took up the American flag and carried it to the rear. Was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. 11. Philip Bazaar Immigrant from Chile who won the Medal of Honor in the Civil War. 12. Freedman s Bureau Government agency that worked in the South during reconstruction to open schools, provide food and clothing, help reunite families, and assist former slaves. 1
13. Civil Rights Act of 1866 Led to the 14 th amendment by declaring that all persons born in the United States except Native Americans were citizens and that all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race. 14. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Divided the South into military districts run by an army commander, States that rebelled had to write a new Constitution that gave the vote to all adult men except Native Americans, States had to ratify the 14 th amendment 15. Key point of 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th amendments 13 th abolished slavery, 14 th gave citizenship to African Americans, 15 th gave the vote to male African Americans. 16. Carpetbagger people who moved from the North to South to fill or acquire government jobs. 17. John Wilkes Booth Assassinated President Lincoln. An actor who was very famous and wealthy 18. Andrew Johnson Took over as President after Lincoln was assassinated. Ran with Lincoln in 1864, was a Democrat from Tennessee and a former slave owner. He was impeached because he removed a cabinet member from office (he was not removed for lack of one vote). He was the first President to be impeached. 19. Sharecropping After the Civil War plantation owners rented their land to former slaves to work. Was a way to keep these former slaves enslaved in debt to the plantation owners. 20. Panic of 1873 Banks made bad loans and went bankrupt. People lost money and Northerners lost interest in reconstruction. 21. Homestead Act of 1862 Granted 160 acres of government land free of charge to any person who would farm it for five years. 22. Morrill Act Offered tracts of federal land to states that would establish agricultural and mechanical colleges. 23. Dawes Act Proposed treatment of Native Americans in 1887. Would break up the reservations, end tribal identification, give land to Indians and encourage farming, establish boarding schools for Indian children and grant American citizenship to Native Americans. 2
24. Compromise of 1877 Because of the controversial election of 1876 this compromise gave Hayes the election and forced the government to end reconstruction policies in the South. It required that military troops were withdrawn from the South, a Democrat would be appointed to the cabinet of the President, and Southern Congressmen and Senators promised to honor the civil rights of freedmen. 25. Appomattox courthouse, Virginia Where Lee surrendered to Grant to end the Civil War. 26. Rich man s war, poor man s fight Poor people ended up fighting the Civil War despite the fact that most of them did not own slaves. Rich people were able to buy their way out of serving to avoid the draft. 27. Era of Good Feelings A shift towards Federal pride in the USA during the administration of James Monroe. The Supreme Court made rulings that strengthened the Federal government. 28. Jacksonian Democracy Government by the people, democracy in all areas of life, championed the cause of the farmer and laborer, believed in limited government with a strong President. 29. Jim Crow Laws laws enacted by Southern legislatures and governments to keep African Americans in political and economic enslavement. It kept them from equality. 30. Lincoln/Johnson s Reconstruction Plan Very lenient on the South 31. The Reconstruction plan of Congress Very hard on the South (military districts, no amnesty) 32. Impeachment The process whereby Congress brings a criminal charge against someone. 33. Conscription Requiring people to sign up for military service. 34. 40 acres and a mule The idea that every former slave should receive this amount of land as payment for their services. Most received nothing. 35. Financial Panic of 1873 Several big Eastern banks made bad loans and went bankrupt causing the loss of money and a financial panic. Write a summary of the South s view on tariffs during the 1850 s to 1870 s. They felt that tariffs benefited the North because it raised prices on manufactured goods that the South supplied raw materials to the North to manufacture. Tariffs raised the price of foreign goods which allowed Northerners to raise the prices on their goods. 3
What were key details and results of the Dred Scott decision? Scott was a slave who lived in free territory with his master. He claimed he should be free because of that. The Supreme Court ruled that he was not free and in fact was not a person and that slaves could not be kept out of any territories. This infuriated the North and forced many who were riding the fence to choose a side. Most in the North chose the side of freedom. What were the war strategies for the Union and the Confederacy? Union Defend their lands in the South, set up a blockade of Southern ports, control the Mississippi River, and finally total war as shown by Sherman s March to the Sea. Confederate (South) to fight a defensive battle and use King Cotton as a source of trade to obtain food and supplies. What were Union and Confederate advantages at the beginning of the war? Union (North) they had an established government, more miles of railroad, more factories Confederate (South) they had better Generals, more motivation, and King Cotton diplomacy List and discuss key Union and Confederate victories: Union victories Antietam (bloodiest one day of fighting in the war), Shiloh, Gettysburg (turning point of the war), Vicksburg (took control of the entire Mississippi River). Confederate victories Manassas (Bull Run), Seven Days Battle What were Black Codes? Give examples. Why did people dislike them? These limited the effects of the 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th amendments by placing restrictions on African Americans. Southern governments used these to create a slave like environment for newly freed slaves. Most Northerners and freedmen felt these were just another way to discriminate against African Americans. Ranged from voting requirements marriage laws. When did Reconstruction begin, when did it end and what was it? Began in 1865 after the war and ended with the Compromise of 1877 in 1877. It was the process of rebuilding and integrating the South back into the Union. Discuss key points of Grant s presidency: He was elected primarily through the help of the African American vote. He fought the Klan. He was elected to a 2 nd term. He appointed friends and relatives to government jobs, many of them took bribes and people voted against him in the next election. They also voted against him because of the depression. 4
How was the Supreme Court involved in Reconstruction? They weakened the Civil Rights amendments via court cases in 1876. What were the key points of Amendments 1-4 of the Constitution of the United States: 1 st Congress cannot establish religion, prohibit the free exercise of religion, abridge the freedom of speech or the press, the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the Government for redress of grievances. 2 nd Right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 3 rd Citizens cannot be required to quarter troops. 4 th Right to be secure in persons, houses, papers and effects against searches and seizures without probable cause and specific description of the place and persons and things to be searched/seized. Sharecropping A worker rented plots of land from the landowner and agreed to pay a share of the crops to the landowner. It was a systematic way of tying the worker to the land. Kept former slaves enslaved by legal means. 5