Terrorism Within Comparative International Context

Terrorism Within Comparative International Context

M.R. Haberfeld Joseph F. King Charles Andrew Lieberman Terrorism Within Comparative International Context The Counter-Terrorism Response and Preparedness 123

M.R. Haberfeld City University of New York John Jay College of Criminal Justice 899 Tenth Ave. New York NY 10019 USA mhaberfeld@jjay.cuny.edu Joseph F. King City University of New York John Jay College of Criminal Justice 899 Tenth Ave. New York NY 10019 USA jking@jjay.cuny.edu Charles A. Lieberman City University of New York John Jay College of Criminal Justice 899 Tenth Ave. New York NY 10019 USA clieberman@jjay.cuny.edu ISBN 978-0-387-88860-6 e-isbn 978-0-387-88861-3 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-88861-3 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2009932596 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To my daughters, Nellie and Mia you are the spirits behind my drive. Maria (Maki) Haberfeld To my lovely wife Joyce for her support and help. JosephKing To my wife Lina and son Gabriel for giving me the strength to achieve. Charles Lieberman

Acknowledgments No matter how much work and endeavor goes into the completion of a book, it is always this final stage that brings the real sight of relief to the authors; one that is definitely a defining moment for those who would have not been able to implement the ideas that were conceptualized years ago, if not for the assistance and help of the following colleagues and associates. We would like to start with thanking one of the original three researchers, Dr. Heath Grant, who, for personal reasons, needed to withdraw from this project. As always, Heath had a critical input into the thinking process and the ideas presented in this book, and we missed his input and contributions during the trips we took to complete this project that was first conceptualized almost 6 years ago. To the National Institute of Justice and its International Center Directors, Jay Albanese and Cindy Smith and their staff, who in various stages of the research project monitored our progress and provided guidance, our gratitude is extended. Once again, the acknowledgment needs to be made that all this would not have been possible without the amazing vision of Senior Editor Welmoed Spahr and her extraordinary Editorial Assistant Theresa Culver and the entire editorial and production team at Springer. Finally, we are thankful to all the external reviewers of our work. We are forever grateful for affording us the opportunity to see our research findings in a format that will allow us to spread them around the world. The concluding words of the acknowledgment go to the ones who provided us with the funding resources for our frameworks of thinking and enabled us to translate our thoughts into tangible lessons that we learned and hope others will learn as well, so thank you Congressman Jerrold Nadler, New York s 8th Congressional District, and his staff. vii

Contents 1 Introduction... 1 1.1 ResearchQuestions... 1 1.2 Research Methods... 2 References...... 9 2 The Comparative Approach to Counterterrorism... 11 2.1 Countering Terrorism with Community-Oriented Policing?... 11 References...... 20 3 Methodology... 23 3.1 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Data Collection...... 24 3.2 Focus Groups..... 29 3.2.1 Focus Group Advantages..... 34 3.2.2 Focus Group Disadvantages... 34 3.2.3 Institutional Review Board.... 36 References...... 36 4 The United Kingdom and Ireland... 39 4.1 History... 39 4.2 Terrorism... 41 4.3 United Kingdom Law Enforcement.... 46 4.3.1 IrelandLawEnforcement... 52 4.4 United Kingdom Field Research...... 54 4.4.1 IrelandFieldResearch... 58 References...... 59 5 The Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)... 61 5.1 History... 61 5.2 Terrorism... 63 5.3 LawEnforcement... 65 5.4 FieldResearch... 68 References...... 70 ix

x Contents 6 The Kingdom of Spain (Rieno de España)... 71 6.1 History... 71 6.2 Terrorism... 72 6.3 LawEnforcement... 75 6.4 FieldResearch... 77 References...... 79 7 The Kingdom of Sweden (Konungariket Sverige)... 81 7.1 History... 81 7.2 Terrorism... 83 7.3 LawEnforcement... 85 7.4 FieldResearch... 88 References...... 89 8 Republic of Turkey (Turkiye Cumhuriyeti)... 91 8.1 History... 91 8.2 Terrorist Groups.... 93 8.3 LawEnforcement... 95 8.4 FieldResearch... 96 8.4.1 TheCenterforHumanRights... 98 8.4.2 BarAssociation... 98 8.4.3 Turkish National Police Graduate Students.... 99 8.4.4 The Media and Film Producer... 99 8.4.5 The Minority Leaders...... 99 References...... 100 9 Germany... 101 9.1 History... 101 9.1.1 The Federal Republic of Germany..... 101 9.1.2 Three Branches of the Federal Republic of Germany... 102 9.1.3 Schengen Agreement... 103 9.2 Terrorism... 103 9.2.1 TheRedArmyFaction... 103 9.2.2 Landshut Kidnapping..... 106 9.2.3 Continuous RAF Terrorism.... 107 9.2.4 MunichMassacre... 108 9.2.5 ContemporaryTerrorism... 110 9.3 LawEnforcement... 111 9.3.1 Federal German Police...... 111 9.3.2 The Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt BKA)... 113 9.3.3 StatePoliceofNorth-RhineWestphalia... 116 9.4 FieldResearch... 117 9.4.1 Federal Criminal Police Office... 119 9.4.2 StatePoliceofNorth-RhineWestphalia... 119 References...... 121

Contents xi 10 United States... 123 10.1 History... 123 10.2 Terrorism... 126 10.3 LawEnforcement... 133 10.3.1 Department of Homeland Security (DHS)..... 134 10.3.2 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)... 134 10.4 FieldResearch... 136 References...... 146 11 Best Practices Lessons We Learned... 149 11.1 Intelligence File.... 149 11.1.1 Security Considerations..... 150 11.2 Investigative Techniques and Intelligence Gathering.... 155 References...... 158 12 Best Practices Lessons to be Learned... 159 12.1 Outline of a C-T Training Module..... 162 12.2 Required Texts..... 165 Appendix A IRB-Approved Consent Form... 167 Appendix B IRB Review Form... 169 Index... 171

About the Authors M.R. Haberfeld is a professor of police science in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. She was born in Poland and immigrated to Israel as a teenager. Prior to coming to John Jay, she served in Israeli Defense Forces, in a counterterrorist unit and left the army at the rank of a sergeant; she then joined the Israel National Police, and left the force at the rank of Lieutenant. She also worked for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, in the New York Field Office, as a special consultant. She holds two Bachelor of Art degrees, two master degrees, and a Ph.D. in criminal justice. Her main interests and expertise are in the area of police training and professional development, with particular emphasis on police ethics, integrity, leadership, counterterrorism and use of force in multicultural environments. Her recent publications include a book on police training titled Critical Issues in Police Training (2002), a co-edited book titled Contours of Police Integrity (2004) Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement, the International Volume (2005) Police Leadership (2005), a co-authored book titled Enhancing Police Integrity (Springer, 2006), co-edited book on Comparative Policing: The Struggle for Democratization (2007), co-edited book, A New Understanding of Terrorism: Case Studies, Trajectories and Lessons Learned, and a co-edited book, Modern Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: The challenge of Piracy for the 21st Century. She also recently co-authored two articles on counterterrorist response: Proper Proactive Training to Terrorist Presence and Operations in Friendly Urban Environments and Police Activities to Counter Terrorism: What We Know and What We Need to Know (forthcoming). For the past 8 years (2001 2009), she has been involved in developing, coordinating, and teaching in a special training program for the New York City Police Department, where she teaches courses in police ethics, leadership, and counterterrorism. For 3 years (2005 2008), she was also an academic coordinator of the Law Enforcement Executive Police Institute for the State of New York, where she oversaw the delivery of the training modules and taught leadership courses. She is involved in a major research study on Use of Force by the Police in 10 different countries, and a research project on police leadership training which also focuses on comparative studies of a number of countries around the world. xiii

xiv About the Authors Joseph F. King received his Ph.D. from CUNY. His doctoral dissertation was on the police strikes of 1918 1919 in the United Kingdom and Boston, Massachusetts, and their lasting effects. He served for 33 years as the supervisory special agent in charge of the Terrorist and Middle East Division, US Customs in New York and 2 years as Chief, National Security Section, Department of Homeland Security, also in New York. He has extensive criminal investigative, undercover, and court testimonial experience in the European Union and the Middle East. He joined the faculty of John Jay College in September 2003. The works published by Dr. King include Terrorism: Global Answer to Global Threat, in Regulation of Migration Processes in the Russian Federation; Political, Legal and Law-Enforcement Aspects; Corruption Networks as a Sphere of Investment Activities in Modern Russia in Communist and Post-communist Studies; and The Development of Modern Police History in the United Kingdom and the United States. Charles Andrew Lieberman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of New Haven and in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Prior to earning a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice at the CUNY Graduate Center, Charles retired as a detective from the New York City Police Department (NYPD) after 15 years of service. His main areas of interest and expertise are policing and terrorism, with a focus on community policing as a framework for proactive counterterrorism strategies. Charles has taught a variety of graduate and undergraduate courses, including a counterterrorism course in a special training program for the NYPD. In addition, he has instructed police supervisors through the Law Enforcement Executive Institute and the NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services. Charles has written numerous chapters for books on terrorism.