Chapter 28-1 /Chapter 28-2 Notes / Chapter 28-3 Prepared for your enjoyment by Mr. Timothy Rhodes
Important Terms Missile Gap - Belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States. Reapportionment - The way in which states draw up political districts based on changes in population. Due process - The law may not treat individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying cases. New Frontier - A legislative agenda President Kennedy created to increase aid to education, provide health insurance to the elderly, create a Department of Urban Affairs, and help migrant workers.
Kennedy Struggles with Congress Congress is controlled by the Democrats but they do not feel obligated to aide Kennedy (a fellow Democrat) in his creations of the New Frontier programs. Many felt they would be too expensive. It would make the Federal Government too powerful (remember State s Right argument?).
Congress Defeats Many of Kennedy s Programs They defeated Health Care for Elderly They defeated the creation of the Department of Urban Affairs. They defeated federal aid to education. Women s Rights Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, ending gender discrimination in federal civil service, and the Equal Pay Act.
The Supreme Court Earl Warren - The Republican governor of California nominated by President Eisenhower to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Decisions of the Warren Court that protected civil rights: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Baker v. Carr (1962) Reynolds v. Sims (1964) Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Important Court Cases Reynolds v. Sims 1964 Current apportionment system in most states was unconstitutional. One man one vote change electoral districts to reflect this idea (shifted power from rural areas to urban areas). Brown vs. Board of Education- 1954 Segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Warren Court Decisions Miranda v. Arizona: inform suspects of their rights. Mapp v. Ohio: unlawfully seized evidence is inadmissible in trial. Escobedo v. Illinois: Accused has a right to an attorney during police questioning. Gideon v. Wainwright: suspects are entitled to court appointed attorney if unable to afford one.
Economic Policies of the Kennedy Administration A cut in taxes An increase in funds for defense and space exploration An increase in the minimum wage Housing and Redevelopment Act Miscellaneous Television played a more influential role in American society.
Cuba After overthrowing Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro started ties with the Soviet Union, instituted drastic land reforms, and seized foreign-owned businesses, many of them American. President Eisenhower authorized the CIA to secretly train and arm Cuban exiles to invade the island when he feared the Soviets would use Cuba as a base to spread revolution throughout the Western Hemisphere.
Cuba John Kennedy approved the plan when he became President. On April 17, 1961, about 1,400 armed Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba, and the invasion was a disaster! This action exposed an American plot to overthrow a neighbor s government, and the outcome made the U.S. look weak and disorganized.
Berlin Wall President Kennedy met Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to discuss how to stop the flood of Germans pouring out of Communist East Germany into West Berlin. Khrushchev demanded the Western powers recognize East Germany and that the U.S., Great Britain, and France withdraw from Berlin, which was in East Germany.
Berlin Wall President Kennedy refused this as he reaffirmed the West s commitment to West Berlin, which made Khrushchev build a wall through Berlin, blocking movement between the Soviet sector and the rest of the city. Guards posted at the wall would shoot at people trying to escape from the East. The outcome led to 30 years of the Berlin Wall standing as a symbol of the Cold War division between the East and West.
Cuban Missile Crisis American intelligence agencies learned that Soviet technicians and equipment arrived in Cuba and that military construction was in progress. On October 22, 1962, Kennedy announced on television American spy planes had taken aerial photographs showing the Soviet Union placing longrange missiles in Cuba. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade to stop the Soviets from delivering more missiles, demanded they dismantle existing missile sites, and warned if any weapons were launched against the U.S., he would respond fully against the Soviet Union.
Neither Leader Wanted a Nuclear War Secret negotiations occur and the Soviets removed the missiles from Cuba and the USA promised not to invade Cuba. In addition, secretly, the U.S. promised that they would remove missiles from Turkey.
Impact of Cuban Missile Crisis U.S. and the Soviet Union take the first step towards mutual arms reduction since the beginning of the Cold War. However, Khrushchev lost power and the USSR began an increase in their military weaponry. The USA would also have a military build up in the early 1980 s. (ARMS RACE)
Johnson Takes the Reins Lyndon Johnson took office during what seemed like a prosperous time for the United States. In reality, however, away from the nation s affluent suburbs were some 50 million poor. Kennedy and Johnson made the elimination of poverty a major policy goal. Johnson differed from Kennedy s elegant society image. Johnson, a Texan, spoke directly and roughly at times. He sought ways to find consensus, or general agreement. His ability to build coalitions made him one of the most effective and powerful leaders in Senate history.
Johnson Takes the Reins Johnson declared that his administration was waging an unconditional war on poverty in America. By the summer of 1964, Congress had created the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), which focused on creating jobs and fighting poverty. The election of 1964 had Johnson running against Republican candidate Barry Goldwater. Americans were not ready for Goldwater s aggressive message, and Johnson won in a landslide.
The Great Society Johnson promised a Great Society during his campaign. It was the vision of a more perfect, more equitable society. Between 1965 and 1968, over 60 programs were passed, including Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare was a health insurance program for the elderly funded through Social Security. Medicaid financed health care for those on welfare or living below the poverty line. Johnson s interest in education led to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and to the preschool program, Project Head Start, which was administered to disadvantaged children.
The Great Society Johnson urged Congress to act on legislation dealing with the deterioration of inner cities. Congress responded with the creation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 1965. Its first secretary, Robert Weaver, was the first African American to serve in a cabinet. Model Cities, a broad-based program with matching funds from local and state agencies, supported programs in the areas of transportation, health care, housing, and policing.
The Great Society The Immigration Reform Act of 1965 played a key role in changing the composition of the American population. It kept a strict limit on the number of immigrants admitted to the United States each year. It also eliminated the national origins system, which gave preference to northern European immigrants. Immigrants arrived in the U.S. from all parts of Europe and from Asia and Africa.
Legacy of the Great Society The impact of the Great Society was felt by all aspects of American life and improved many lives. Some Americans opposed the massive growth of federal funds and criticized the Great Society for intruding too much in their lives. There is a continued debate over the success of the Great Society. It did result in many Americans asking questions, questions Americans continue to ask today.
Key Points 1. What strongly influenced the 1960 presidential election? 2. What was Kennedy s legislative agenda? Give examples. Was it successful? Why or Why Not? 3. What did Kennedy accomplish in regards to women s rights? 4. What effect did the court case Reynolds v. Sims have on political power? 5. What was Kennedy s flexible response plan? 6. Why did Kennedy support additional spending for Defense and the Space Race? What did he hope to accomplish?
More Key Points 7. Why were potential voters concerned with Kennedy s religion? What did he do to soothe their concerns? 8. To pay for the programs that Kennedy wanted to create he believed in what? How would he avoid inflation and encourage people to spend more money? 9. What did the principle of one man, one vote entail? 10. How did President Johnson hope to pay for the new programs of the Great Society? 11. Reapportionment gave more political power to which group?
More Key Points 12. What is due process? Which Amendment guarantees due process? 13. What was the intent of the Office of Economic Opportunity? 14. What was the agreement that ended the Cuban Missile Crisis? 15. Why was the Bay of Pigs an embarrassment to the U.S.A.? 16. Why was the construction of the Berlin Wall a symbol of the Cold War? 17. What famous line came from Kennedy s inauguration speech that symbolized optimism for the future?
More Key Points What tactics of President Johnson s became known as the Johnson Treatment? What were some of Johnson s programs within his Great Society campaign? What remains today of the Great Society?