Advance Placement Government Summer Assignment Please checkout the following books from the bookstore: Wilson, James Q., and John J. DiLulio Jr. American Government: Institutions and Policies Tenth Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Wood, Ethel Multiple-Choice and Free-Response Questions in Preparation for the AP United States Government and Politics Examination Sixth Edition. New Jersey: D&S Marketing Systems, Inc. Please complete the following tasks before returning to school in August. Read and annotate the second chapter of Wilson (use sticky tabs). We are skipping chapter one Complete the reading guides for the second chapter (only after you have read and annotated the chapter) Complete the study guide questions for chapter two just bullet your answers under the questions Read and annotate the third chapter of Wilson (use sticky tabs) Complete the reading guides for the third chapter (only after you have read and annotated the chapter) Complete the study guide questions for chapter three just bullet your answers under the questions Complete the United States Constitution Quick Summary on pages 21 and 22 All assignments are worth a grade and will be due on the due date for that assignment (see calendar below for due dates) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday due for the following: -Chapter 2 and 3 -Reading guides for chapter 2 due -Reading guides for chapter 3 due -Constitution Summary due -Study guide bulleted answers due for chapters 2 and 3 If you have any questions over the summer please do not hesitate to email me at daniel.darrow@guhsdaz.org. I look forward to our journey through AP United States Government. Thank you, Mr. Darrow for chapters 2 and 3 need to be placed in a spiral notebook Follow the format on pages 23 and 24 1
Study Guide for Chapter 2: The Constitution Answer the following questions in the space below the question: 1. List the shortcomings of the government under the Articles of Confederation. 2. Explain why separation of powers became a key part of the Constitution. 3. List the three reasons the framers did not include the Bill of Rights in the Constitution? Why was it added later? 4. Explain why the Founding Fathers failed to address the question of slavery in any definitive way. Study Guide for Chapter 3: Federalism Answer the following questions in the space below the question: 1. Discuss how competing political interests at the Constitutional Convention led to the adoption of a federal system, but one that was not clearly defined. 2. Outline the ways in which national and state powers were interpreted by the courts, and how the doctrine of dual federalism came to be a dead letter of the law. 3. Explain the differences between categorical grants, block grants, and general revenue sharing. 4. Distinguish between mandates and conditions of aid with respect to federal grant programs to states and localities. 2
Chapter 2 Vocabulary natural rights basic rights ordained by God to be necessary to human progress. unalienable rights essential, necessary, natural rights not based on the whims and preferences of people Articles of Confederation The Articles provided for a weak national Congress, made up of small state delegations each having one vote, states were left with almost complete sovereignty under the system. Shays Rebellion In 1786 bankrupt farmers in Western Massachusetts began an armed revolt, shutting down many Massachusetts courts that were taking away their land. The event helped bring about the Constitutional Convention by frightening many into attendance. Constitutional Convention The convention held in the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia that crafted the U.S. Constitution Virginia Plan It provided for a strong central government with 3 separate branches, the legislative being divided into 2 houses, one being directly elected by the people and the other chosen by them out of statedesignated choices, and this central government would have both complete authority to veto state laws. New Jersey Plan The smaller states backed this competing plan, which merely strengthened the government provided for under the Articles but otherwise kept it entirely the same, with each state still getting one vote so that the interests of the small states would not be overwhelmed by the larger states. The Great Compromise The Compromise that reconciled the interests of small and large states by establishing a bicameral legislature with a population-based House and an equal-representation Senate democracy a term usually referring to various forms of democratic governments, but more accurately referring to a direct (or pure ) democracy, in which each citizen participates directly in government republic a government in which the people elect representatives to make decisions and conduct affairs Judicial Review the process by which the Supreme Court rules federal/state legislation or executive action unconstitutional, and thus checks the power of the other branches and levels of government (Marbury v. Madison). federalism a form of government in which authority is divided and shared between the national and state governments separation of powers a government organized into separate branches with separate powers checks and balances in governments with separation of powers, each branch shares certain powers in such a way that each can counteract and check the actions of the others. faction a group of citizens united by a common impulse adverse to the interests of other citizens Federalists those in support of the Constitution, who were in favor of a strong central government Antifederalists those opposed to the Constitution for any of numerous reasons, but generally of the opinion that a strong national government was dangerous to individual liberties. coalition an alliance among different interest groups to achieve a political goal Writ of Habeas Corpus provision in the Constitution that states that before a person is held in jail, he must be brought before a judge and evidence for his being held there be provided Bill of Attainder a law that would declare a person guilty before he was given a trial Ex Post Facto Law a law that alters the penalty for a crime after it has been committed Bill of Rights a bill that enumerates protections of individual rights and liberties, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution amendment Formal changes or additions to the Constitution. veto a rejection of legislation by the President. line-item veto the power to veto only select portions of a bill. Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton recruited James Madison and John Jay to help him write these articles which attempt to defend and explain the Constitution. Federalist #10 In this article, James Madison explains the causes and dangers of factions, and then discusses the various methods by which they can be prevented or controlled, which leads to his conclusion that a properly constructed separation of powers is the only effective way to do so. 3
Federalist #51 In this article, James Madison declares that because written limits on government fail, each branch must be construed such that its inherent individual ambition will work to counteract the poor motives of the others. He also states that each branch should be largely independent of the others, and considers the benefits of the executive having a veto power. Social Contract John Locke declared that government is a social contract between the government and the governed to perform the functions for which it was created, and that it is the right of the people to rebel and dissolve the government if it abuses this purpose for which it was constructed. Thomas Hobbes English philosopher whose writings contributed to the pool of Revolutionary thought. He believed that in the State of Nature, everyone is constantly at war with each other for the individual s rights, and it is to escape this war that men are driven to submit to government. He believed in absolute authority, rather than more democratic forms of government. Monarchy a system of government in which a single individual at the head of a royal family is the single source of authority in the monarch s realm. Oligarchy a government controlled by a small group of people or ruled exclusively by such a group Northwest Ordinance legislation passed in 1787 under the Articles that: established the procedure by which new states would be admitted into the Union, determined how territories were to be governed, and determined what the rights of citizens in territories would be. James Madison a great post-revolutionary thinker from Virginia who both played the major role in the Virginia Plan s construction and in the writing of the Constitution itself. He then became a major proponent of the Constitution through his writings in The Federalist Paper. Alexander Hamilton a wealthy master-businessman from New York who put together the team that wrote The Federalist to support the Constitution, of which he was a very strong supporter. Fugitive Slave Clause this clause ordered that all slaves captured in other states than their owners home states must be returned immediately. Charles Beard Beard argued that the wealthy urban classes were the chief supporters of the Constitution; those to whom the Confederation was in debt, especially, favored the stronger central government because it would be more likely to repay the debts. 4
Chapter 3 Vocabulary Federalism a political system in which there are national, state, and local governments, each having a protected existence and final authority on certain government decisions Unitary government government where the state/local governments are merely children of the all-powerful central government, which can abolish them at will Confederate government a system in which the states have sovereignty and the national government is limited to what the states designate it can do as a child of their authority Nullification A theory first advanced by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in their attacks on the Alien and Sedition Acts that declares that the states have the right to declare null and void acts of Congress. John C. Calhoun became a huge proponent of the view to support his attacks on the Tariff of Abominations and federal efforts to restrict slavery, until the idea was finally made unconstitutional with the North s victory. Dual federalism the idea that although the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are equally supreme in their own McCulloch v. Maryland In this case, Marshall and the Supreme Court ruled that by the necessary and proper clause, Congress has the authority to charter a bank to effectively accomplish its duties, and that the Constitution is pervaded by the doctrine of federal supremacy over the states, and thus the states must not be allowed to impede Congress execution of its duties. 10 th Amendment the 10 th Amendment declares that all powers not given explicitly to the national government are reserved to the states. Devolution the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the rapidly-evolving federal government back to the states Sovereignty supreme or ultimate political authority Necessary and proper clause this Constitutional clause, to be found in Article I, Section 8, gives Congress and the Courts a provision that, through loose-constructionist interpretation, grants them an enormous amount of freedom in the creation of new laws Commerce clause the Constitutional clause (in Article I, Section 8) which defines Congress powers to regulate commerce among the several states and with foreign nations Conditions of aid conditions that states have to follow if they want to receive federal aid Grants-in-aid federal funds provided to states and localities Block grants grants of money given to the states for use in general areas, rather than specific, for the purpose of giving the states more control over the funds they are given. Categorical grants federal grants that the states can only use for a very specific purpose, and which the states usually have to match, although the amount of matching funds can be very small Intergovernmental lobby a lobby made up of state and local officials trying to obtain federal money Mandates direct federal orders that the states must follow; usually involve environmental protection or civil rights cases Revenue sharing President Nixon introduced this policy in 1972 with the Local Fiscal Assistance Act as General Revenue Sharing (GRS). It provided for the distribution of money directly to states and localities with almost no restrictions at all on its use, though it was intended to give more money to poorer, more heavily taxed states rather than richer, lightly taxed ones. The program ended in 1986. Supremacy Clause Article VI the federal government is in all areas superior to the states Full Faith in Credit Article IV In Article IV, Section I, it states that the states must honor ( give full faith and credit to ) the laws, records, and court decisions of other states. Marbled or layered cake federalism Morton Grodzins makes the statement that each level of American federalism is an indistinguishable part of the whole; like the colors in a marbled cake, it all blends together, as opposed to the idea that many erroneously hold, which compares our system of separate levels to a nicely separated layered cake. Privilege Immunities Clause (Article IV, Section 2) citizens of each state are entitled to the privileges and immunities of the citizens of every other state. What this has been construed to mean by a 1980 interpretation 5
of a civil rights act passed in the 1870 s is that a citizen can sue a state or local official if he is not receiving any federal benefit he feels he is entitled to New Federalism both Nixon and Reagan had plans called as this that involved devolution and decreased federal control of the distribution of federal aid. Nixon s involved GRS, and Reagan s, block grants. 104 th Congress in 1994, the first Republican-controlled Congress in 50 years came to power, and took huge strides in many important areas of devolution: they attempted to roll back federal mandates, most especially through attacks on unfunded mandates, but this effort had little effect; and they promoted the growth of block grants, especially through their attempts to make more entitlement grants into block grants such as their success in turning AFDC into a block grant with the 1996 Welfare Reform Act. Unfunded mandates mandates without corresponding funds to provide for their implementation John C. Calhoun the chief proponent of nullification as both governor of South Carolina and U.S. Senator, through his state s nullification of the 1828 Tariff of Abominations and his antebellum era rhetoric of states rights to nullify federal actions towards the abolition of slavery Reserved powers 10 th Amendment the 10 th Amendment states that the states are given all powers not given in the Constitution to the national government 6
Reading Guide for Chapter 2 Colonial Mindset (concerns) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Road to the Constitutional Convention Why did they hold this opinion? Explain John Adams view on the real revolution Briefly list the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. STATE CONSTITUTIONS Pennsylvania Summary of Constitution Problems with the Constitution 7
Massachusetts Summary of Constitution Problems with the Constitution Explain the significance of Shay s Rebellion Briefly explain the experiences of the Framers of the U.S. Constitution. Explain why the Framers tended to mistrust the idea of a democracy 8
Reading Guide for Chapter 2 The Creation of a Constitution Make a list of the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan in the space provided below Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan List the similarities and differences of the two plans Similarities Differences List the compromises that were made and how these compromises solved the current problems of the Constitutional Convention The Great Compromise Problems it Solved 1. 2. 1. 2. Explain the additional compromises made concerning the President and the Supreme Court President Supreme Court Explain why the Framers chose to establish a republic instead of a direct democracy Explain how the Framers planned to protect the Constitution from popular passions include the role of judicial review 9
What is Federalism? Discuss the following powers: enumerated powers reserved powers concurrent powers Create a chart that represents the checks and balances of the federal government. Draw the chart so you will remember it. Checks and Balances 10
Reading Guide for Chapter 2 Constitutional Debate Federalists: Antifederalists: Explain the main points of each group s arguments on the Constitution Federalists Antifederalists Explain the role of a coalition in both a large and small republic according to Madison. Why no bill of Rights? Reason 1: Explanation: Reason 2: Explanation: Reason 3: Explanation: List the guaranteed rights listed in the Constitution including an explanation of writ of habeas corpus, bill of attainder and ex post facto law. 1 2 3 4 11
5 6 7 Explain why the lack of a bill of rights in the Constitution was a mistake and how it was corrected. Describe the three provisions in the constitution regarding slavery 1 2 3 The economical impact on the decisions made during the drafting of the Constitution has been study throughout history. Summarize the ideas of Charles Beard and the new evidence that refutes his ideas. Beard New Evidence Explain why some groups are looking to radically change or modify the Constitution Briefly explain the Constitutional Amendment process Explain why the line-item veto works for state governors, but was ruled unconstitutional as a power for the president. 12
Reading Guide for Chapter 3 Federalism Devolution Block Grant Examples of negative views of Federalism Benefit for States Benefit for States Evolving Meaning of Federalism Sovereignty Confederation (confederal) Federal Founding Fathers Idea of Federalism Explain how Federalism increases political activity. 13
Brainstorm two pros and two cons of American Federalism. PROS CONS Create your own chart to represent the differences between unitary, federal and confederal systems 14
Reading Guide for Chapter 3 Federalism Debate Madison s Argument Federalist 46 As it pertains to Federalism Hamilton s Argument Federalist 28 As it pertains to Federalism Madison s Argument Federalist 10 As it pertains to Federalism Examples of how public can impact Federalism Examples of how public can impact Federalism Examples of how interest groups can impact Federalism The founding fathers created a federal republic in their attempt to avoid creating another Monarchy or Dictatorship. Two key elements of the federal republic are federalism and separation of powers. To ensure the success of the new republic the founders defined the relationship between the federal government and the states (federalism). Recreate the chart (in our own words) from page 55 on the checks between the federal government and the states (be sure to include the references to the constitution). 15
Describe the role of the tenth amendment concerning federalism. Explain how the necessary and proper clause in the Constitution created elastic language Explain why the founders used elastic language in the constitution Explain the case of McCulloch v. Maryland Completely explain the two questions answered by the Supreme Court in the McCulloch case Question 1 Question 2 Outline the history of the doctrine of nullification include a description of nullification and the question that war ultimately answered Dual Federalism Interstate Commerce:_ Intrastate Commerce:_ Why did intrastate commerce become extinct? Explain the following: Police Power Initiative Referendum Recall 16
Reading Guide for Chapter 3 The Politics of Federalism Explain the Impact of the following cases Case Impact US v. Lopez US v. Morrison Printz v. US Alden v. Maine FMC v. South Caroline Grants-in-Aid - What is it? Land Grants Cash Grants Why are grants-in-aid so popular? Reason 1 2 3 4 State s Interest Explain why it is impossible to give a grant to one state without giving it to all the rest. Describe (in your own words) the shift in grants-in-aid that took place in the 1960 s. 17
Intergovernmental Lobby Purpose Categorical Grants (explain with examples) Revenue Sharing of Block Grants (explain with examples) Why did the goals of revenue sharing or block grants fail? 1. _ 2. _ Why did categorical grants grow faster than block grants? 1. _ 2. _ 3. _ Summarize the rivalry amongst the states include the role of the census. FEDERAL CONTROL Conditions of aid: Mandates: Explain the evolution of mandates since the 1960 s Explain how the ADA impacted states Explain how the conditions (strings) attached to the federal grants can actually cost the states money. Nixon s Attempt Regan s Attempt 18
Reading Guide for Chapter 3 Devolution Block Grants Type Purpose Outline the changes made by the 104 th Congress. What s Driving Devolution? Reason Explanation Explain the argument that Congressmen are concerned about their constituents and yet pass bills that aggravate their own governors and mayors. 19
Interpret the graphs in this chapter (what are the graphs saying about the American public)? Chart #1 pg. 62 Chart #2 pg. 63 Chart #3 pg. 70 Briefly describe the history of federalism from the 1930 s until know. 20
United States Constitution: Quick Summary Article I 1 List the powers of Congress Clause Necessary and proper clause Commerce clause Regulation of commerce Importance of Clause Article II 2 List the powers of the President Article III 3 Describe the power of the Supreme Court List the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court 21
Article IV 4 Clause Full Faith and Credit Creation of new states Explanation Article V 5 Describe the two ways to amend the Constitution (Formal Change) Proposal Approval or Ratification Article VI 6 Clause Supremacy clause No Religious test Explanation Article VII 7 Describe of ratification 22
How to Pre-read Your AP Government Textbook 1. Read the chapter title and subtitle 2. Read the chapter introduction a. Annotate the chapter introduction 3. Read each of the boldfaced subheadings a. Record the larger of the subheadings in your spiral notebook i. Organize your sticky tabs under the subheadings when you read and annotate the chapter 4. Look over any typographical aids (words or terms in the margin of the pages) a. You do not need to annotate the typographical aids 5. Look over all of the visual aids a. Annotate the visual aids and place them under the appropriate subheadings in your spiral notebook 6. Read the chapter summary a. Annotate and place the sticky tabs in your spiral notebook Sample of subheading for your spiral notebook Chapter 2 The Constitution The Problem of Liberty The Constitutional Convention The Challenge 23
The Constitution and Democracy The Constitution and Liberty The Motives of the Framers Constitutional Reform: Modern Views Summary 24