A FIFTH EDITION, REVISED AND UPDATED LATIN AMERICAN CIVILIZATION History and Society, 1492 to the Present Edited by BENJAMIN KEEN Professor Emeritus, Northern Illinois University WESTVIEW PRESS Boulder San Francisco Oxford
Contents Preface xi PART ONE: INDIAN AND HISPANIC ORIGINS Chapter I Ancient America Introduction 3 1 Aztec Warfare 4 2 The Halls of Montezuma 6 3 Aztec Industry and Commerce 8 4 The Condition of the Aztec Peasantry 10 5 Mayan Industry, Commerce, and Agriculture 12 6 The Mayan Social Order 14 7 Mayan Religious Life 16 8 How the Inca Formed a Nation 19 9 The Village Basis of Incan Society 21 10 Two Views of the Incan Empire 22 11 War and Cannibalism Among the Brazilian Indians 26 Chapter II The Hispanic Background Introduction 31 1 The Cid Campeador: Symbol of Spanish Nationality 32 2 The Catholic Sovereigns 33 3 The Spanish Inquisition 34 4 The Spanish Character 37
vi CONTENTS Chapter III PART TWO: SPAIN IN THE INDIES Conquest Introduction 43 1 The Man Columbus 44 2 "Saint Augustine Doubts..." 45 3 The Discovery of the Pacific 47 4 Portrait of the Conqueror 49 5 The Meeting of Cortes and Montezuma 51 6 Twilight over Tenochtitlan 53 7 Rendezvous at Cajamarca 55 8 How the New Laws Were Received in Peru 58 9 The Man Who Would Be King 59 10 Advice to a Would-Be Conqueror 62 11 Journey's End 64 12 Lope de Aguirre: An Underdog of the Conquest 66 Chapter IV The Evolution of Spain's Indian Policy Introduction 70 1 The Strange Sermon of Father Montesinos 71 2 The Laughter of Doctor Palacios Rubios 73 3 Bartolome de las Casas: God's Angry Man 74 4 All Humankind Is One 77 5 Indian Forced Labor in Guatemala 6 Debt Peonage in Peru 81 79 Chapter V The Economy of the Spanish Indies Introduction 84 1 The Indian Agricultural Heritage 85 2 Spain's Contributions to New World Agriculture 88 3 The Potosi Mine 91 4 The Colonial Factory 93 5 On the Sea-Road to the Indies 94 6 The Great Fair at Portobello 97 7 A Foreign View of the Spanish Commercial System 99 Chapter VI Government and Church in the Spanish Indies Introduction 103 1 The Structure of Colonial Government 104 2 "I Have Seen Corruption Boil and Bubble..." 108
CONTENTS vii 3 The Corregidor: Enemy of the People 110 4 City Government in the Spanish Indies 113 5 Dialogue in Yucatan 114 6 The Sources of Catholic Power 116 Chapter VII Class and Caste in the Spanish Colonies Introduction 120 1 The Structure of Class and Caste 121 2 The Colonial City: Mexico City 123 3 The Mestizo: Seed of Tomorrow 129 4 The Indian Town 131 Chapter VIM The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America Introduction 137 1 The Bourbon Commercial Reforms 138 2 The Revival of Mining 140 3 Colonial Industry in Decline 143 4 Political Reform: The Intendant System 145 5 The More It Changes... 147 6 The Plan of Tupac Amaru 150 7 A Charter of Liberty 152 Chapter IX Colonial Culture and the Enlightenment Introduction 154 1 The Colonial University 155 2 The Tenth Muse 157 3 Colonial Journalism in Action 161 4 A Colonial Freethinker 164 Chapter X Spain's Work in America: For and Against Introduction 167 1 The Noble Savage and the Black Legend 169 2 The Fatal Legacy 171 3 In Defense of Spain 174 4 A Revisionist Landmark: Bourne's Spain in America 177 5 A Reply to Bourne 181
X CONTENTS Chapter XX Latin American Roads to Socialism Introduction 403 1 "History Will Absolve Me" 407 2 The Cuban Educational Achievement 414 3 Women's Liberation in Cuba 418 4 Does the Cuban Economy Work? 426 5 The Death of Victor Jara 432 6 Henry Kissinger on Salvador Allende 433 7 The Church in the Nicaraguan Revolution 437 8 President Reagan's "Freedom Fighters" 442 9 The Nicaraguan Revolution Under Fire 444 10 Deadlock in El Salvador: A Guerrilla Leader Speaks 448 Chapter XXI The Two Americas Introduction 451 1 The United States as Model 453 2 The Two Americas 455 3 Operation Guatemala 459 4 Repercussions of the Malvinas-Falklands War 469 5 The Invasion of Panama: A Latin American Viewpoint 474 6 The United States and Latin America's Foreign Debt 476 Notes 483 Glossary of Spanish, Portuguese, and Indian Terms 487 About the Boole and. Editor 491