World History since 1500 Wayne E. Sirmon HI 104 World History
History 104 World History since 1500 Jan. 29 Online Quiz Ch. 16 Jan. 30 Jan. 30 Article Review One DUE (beginning of class) Best & Worst of AL on Our 200th Birthday Wayne Flynt, PhD. 7 pm Weaver Hall Feb. 3 Online Quiz Ch. 17 Feb. 6 Exam One Ch. 15-17 Feb 10 Online Quiz Ch. 18 Feb 17 Online Quiz Ch. 19
History 104 World History since 1500 Pulitzers and Politics: The Best and Worst of Alabama on Our 200th Birthday Wednesday, Jan. 30 at 7 p.m. Weaver Auditorium University of Mobile Wayne Flynt, PhD Author of 11 books (2 nominated for the Pulitzer Prize) His work spans topics including evangelical religion, poverty, Alabama history, and literature.
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed Alternative to Absolutism ENGLAND 1215 - Magna Carta 1265 Parliament James I (VI) (r. 1603-1625) King Charles I (r. 1625-1649) 1649-1660 Commonwealth of England (Cromwell) Charles II (r. 1660-1685) James II (VII of Scotland) (r 1685-1688) too pro-french, too pro-catholic, too much of an absolute monarch Glorious Revolution of 1689 William & Mary
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed England without a King Who rules? The King or Parliament Death of Elizabeth I - 1603 New King is her cousin King James VI of Scotland (King James I of England)
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed England without a King
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed King James VI of Scotland - 1567 (King James I of England - 1603-1625) Great Britain & Ireland King of Scots at age 13 months Mother (Mary, queen of Scots), forced to abdicate, prisoner in Loch Leven Castle, escaped to England where cousin Elizabeth held her prisoner for 18 years then found guilty of treason and executed.
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed King Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Parliament openly challenges King 1628-9 by enacting the Petition of Right. Called for taxes to fight 30 years war Results: Illegal to imprison without cause shown Illegal to tax without consent of parliament End of martial law in peacetime Stop the billeting of troops among civilians No taxes force Charles to end war with France and Spain Next 11 years rules without Parliament "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone"
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed King Charles Problems 1625 - Marries a French Catholic 1639 First Bishops War - Calvinist Scots refuse to use Anglican prayer book and occupy northern England 1640 calls long Parliament 1642-1646, 1648 Civil Wars Parliament vs. Royalists 1649 Execution of Charles I
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector, if not King Cromwell is considered a regicidal dictator by some historians, but as a hero of liberty by others. His measures against Catholics in Scotland and Ireland have been characterized as genocidal or neargenocidal, and in Ireland itself he is widely hated.
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed Alternative to Absolutism ENGLAND The Glorious Revolution 1689 William the Orange and the Anglican daughter Mary Declaration of Rights (Bill of Rights) reaffirms Parliament s right to make laws and tax King not to interfere in elections and debate in Parliament Act of Toleration freedom of worship to nonconformists (but not Catholics)
History 101 Western Civilization To 1660 Chapter 15 From War to International Crisis The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Begins over religion in Bohemia Second Defenestration of Prague Catholics order Protestants to stop building chapels 3 Catholic regents thrown from 3rd story window Land in pile of manure all survive
History 101 Western Civilization To 1660 Chapter 15 From War to International Crisis The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) War spreads calls for help from Spain and Ottomans Aims shift from religion to politics (Habsburgs) French Huguenots are suppressed by King Louis XIII
History 101 Western Civilization To 1660 Chapter 15 From War to International Crisis The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Ends with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden leading protestant forces to victory
History 101 Western Civilization To 1660 Chapter 15 From War to International Crisis The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Most of the fighting occurred in Germany where local populations were reduced by 15-75% It would take 100 years to recover from the death of 8 million people. Memory of destroyed towns, rape and plunder, disease and famine would haunt German people into the 20 th century.
History 101 Western Civilization To 1660 Chapter 15 From War to International Crisis Peace of Westphalia - 1648 A series of treaties forming a comprehensive peace. Representatives of 109 interested parties Results: Boundaries begin to create Nation-States Rights of minority religions to worship
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed
Chapter 15 Europe Transformed
The Revolution in Military Affairs A Revolution in Arms and Organization
Revolutions in Military Affairs 1 Infantry weapons and tactic to defeat cavalry 2 Artillery (Gunpowder) successful siege warfare 3 Military Organization organization, size, drill, uniforms, rank 4 Artillery Fortress trace italienne reinstate defensive
The Infantry Revolution 1066-1346 The Age of the Horse Infantry provided defense for cavalry prior to the attack Knights had: money for horses, armor, etc (40 times the cost of a crossbowman) time to train time to go to war mobility (for attack or withdrawal) protection from fatal injury
The Infantry Revolution 1302-1400 The return of the Infantry Defeat of cavalry attacks by: archers obstacles (holes) pikes disciplined formations
The Infantry Arsenal Pole Weapons Missile Weapons Edged and Blunt Weapons
The Infantry Arsenal Missile Weapons Crossbow (banned by Church in 1139) Longbow Firearms Arquebus, Matchlock
Revolution in Firepower? # Shots Per Minute Range Archer Crossbowman Arquebusier 100 Yards 200 Yards
The Infantry Revolution Political & Societal Impact Common infantry over Noble Cavalry Increased size of armies Governments need for financial support (TAXES) War becomes a deadly business Infantry weapons defeat armor tactics/weapons reduce options to surrender decline of ransom
The Artillery Revolution 1350-1440 - Gunpowder Siege Bombard - Field Artillery
The Organizational Revolution Increase in training cost/time lead to fulltime soldiers Tax base to pay salaries/purchase equipment Complex tactics require trained leaders Creation of rank structure (Colonel, Captain, Lieutenant) Soldiers of Fortune Free Companies and Mercenaries Artillery expenses beyond reach of small states Development of Uniforms, Flags British - Red French White Austria - Green
The Fortress Revolution trace italienne Sunken-profile earthworks Sharp angles crossfire
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires The Power of the Ottoman Empire
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires Janissary Corps Slave soldiers Christian boys (devshurne) Taught Turkish language Converted to Islam Taught no non-military skills Forbidden to marry First: Wear a uniform Meritocracy Military music Massed musket fire
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires Janissary Corps Text: recruited p 520 SLAVES (boy harvest) 1380 ~ 1580 Decline 1500s (marriage, sons could join) Auspicious Incident 1826 Extreme loyalty: Sultan s bodyguards Excellent battle discipline All infantry Used support troops (supply, engineers, medical)
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires Devshirme system Blood Tax Collecting Enslavement of Christian youth for service in military, harem, and civil service. Did NOT work in agriculture Loyal (Stockholm Syndrome) A way to keep aristocrats out of power
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires Conquest of Constantinople 1453 http://12byzantinerulers.com/16 - Constantine XI Time: 37:44 (34.1 Meg MP3)
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires Conquest of Constantinople 1453 Sultan Mehmed II (21 y.o.) Builds fortress north of city to control strait 1452 Constantine XI asks for help but Catholic Europe/Pope not interested busy with own wars Chain harbor entrance, repair Land Wall (12 miles long) 7,000 defenders (+ 50,000 civilians)
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires Conquest of Constantinople 1453 50-80,000 Ottoman soldiers (5-10,000 Janissaries) 120 ships Cannon 600 lb. stone ball with 1 mile range (60 oxen team 3 hours to reload Siege last 53 days (6 Apr 29 May) Mehmed orders road of greased logs and rolled ships into golden horn. Fireships/40 impaled/260 executed
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires Conquest of Constantinople 1453 Several frontal assaults Sappers attempt to mine under the walls. Byzantines dig counter-mines and attack miners. First and second assault waves were inferior troops. Final wave were Janissaries. Genoese general in charge of defense wounded causing soldiers to panic. 3 days of plunder, rape and murder
Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires Treatment of Christians In conquered territories When Christians a majority: quite tolerant apart from slave levy Freedom of religion to help maintain social order When Christians a minority: much harder line Seize church property and revenues Curbed public worship A potential threat to Ottoman order
NEXT Chapter 16 The Muslim Empires, part 2