UIS activities in the collection and analysis of STI indicators and overview of data for West Africa West African Regional Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews and Statistics Workshop Bamako, Mali 10-13 May 2010
Objectives of this presentation Present the work that UIS does to support the collection and analysis of STI indicators in developing countries Provide an overview of the availability of STI indicators worldwide and in the region
UIS is the UN lead agency for S&T statistics Official S&T data source for: UN Statistical Division: UN Statistical Year Book UNDP: Human Development Report World Bank: World Development Indicators UNESCO Reports: UNESCO Science Report UNESCO World Report - Towards Knowledge Societies International Report on S&T and Gender
UIS Strategy on S&T statistics International Review of S&T Statistics and Indicators jointly with UNESCO Science Policy Division, 2002-03, involving all Member States and numerous experts. Resulting priorities: Immediate term: R&D personnel & expenditure Human resources devoted to S&T Science education & Higher education International mobility Gender Medium term: Innovation data Starts next month! Longer term: Output & Impact
UIS Medium-Term Strategy 2008-2013 Priorities: 1. Improving data quality 2. Reinforcing statistics and indicators on learning outcomes 3. Strengthening statistics in science, culture and communication
Lines of action 1. S&T survey operation and data guardianship 2. Training in S&T statistics: workshops & other training activities 3. Standard setting and methodological developments 4. Analysis and publications
1. S&T Survey operation and data guardianship Global survey on statistics of science & technology Global database on S&T Statistics Data dissemination: on the UIS website and through contributions to other agencies Next year pilot survey of innovation data
Survey on Statistics of Science & Technology Biennially. The 2004, 2006 and 2008 S&T statistics surveys have been completed. 3 rd round was launched in June 2008. The latest results were released on the UIS website in September 2009 (see http://stats.uis.unesco.org). 4 th round will be launched in May 2010. OECD and Eurostat provide data for their Member States. RICYT provides data for Latin America. UIS keeps direct contact with national S&T statisticians.
Data collection R&D Personnel By sector of employment, occupation, qualification, and field of science In headcount and FTE By gender R&D Expenditure By sector of performance and source of funds New: by type of activity and field of science
Other data of interest but not (yet?) collected by UIS Researchers by age Researchers by country of birth; citizenship/resident status Researchers by fields of science at 2 digit level R&D expenditure by type of cost (Current / Capital) R&D expenditure by major socio-economic objective Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD): Total; by major socio-economic objective Business enterprise researchers by industry / branch of economic activity (at 1 digit level of International Standard Industrial Classification, ISIC) Business enterprise R&D expenditure by industry / branch of economic activity (at 1 digit level of ISIC)
UIS 2006 and 2008 Surveys on R&D Response rates & published data Regions (Countries and Territories covered) Responses Q 2006 Responses Q 2008 Published data Sub-Saharan Africa (46) 27 59% 61% 21 46% 44% 27 59% 59% Arab States-Africa (8) 6 75% 3 38% 5 63% Asia (31, excl. Arab States & OECD) 21 68% 65% 21 68% 63% 24 77% 65% Arab States - Asia (12) 7 58% 6 50% 4 33% Americas (19, excl. RICYT & OECD) 4 21% 4 21% 4 21% Europe (16, excl. OECD & Eurostat) 9 56% 11 69% 10 63% Oceania (17, excl. OECD) 0 0% 4 24% 3 18% Sub-total (149) 74 50% 70 47% 77 52% Data from other sources: OECD + Eurostat (43) Total coverage Total coverage 43 100% RICYT (23) 19 83% Total (215) 140 65% 136 63% 139 65%
Respondents to the UIS 2006 and 2008 questionnaires from ECOWAS countries Country 2006 Q 2008Q 1 Benin Data not provided Data provided 2 Burkina-Faso Data provided Data provided 3 Cape Verde Data not provided Data not provided 4 Côte d Ivoire Data provided Data not provided 5 Gambia Data provided Data not provided 6 Ghana Data not provided Data not provided 7 Guinea Data not provided Data not provided 8 Guinea-Bissau Data not provided Data not provided 9 Liberia Data not provided Data not provided 10 Mali Data not provided Data provided 11 Niger Data provided Data not provided 12 Nigeria Data provided Data not provided 13 Senegal Data provided Data provided 14 Sierra-Leone Data not provided Data not provided 15 Togo Data not provided Data provided
Number of researchers worldwide 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Researchers by development status (thousands) 2002 2007 0 Developed countries Developing countries (excl. LDC) Less-developed countries (LDC)
What are the national research densities? Researchers per million inhabitants, 2007 or latest available year 0 100 per million 101 300 per million 301 1000 per million 1001 2000 per million 2001 per million and above Data not available Source: UIS, September 2009 Note: Data in this map are based on FTE. However, figures in headcounts (HC) were considered for the following countries as the FTE figures were not available: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belarus; Benin; Botswana; Cameroon; Central African Rep.; Cuba; D.R. Congo; El Salvador; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Guinea; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mauritius; Mongolia; Montenegro; Mozambique; Nauru; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Tajikistan; Macedonia (FYR); Uganda; Venezuela; Zambia. This has to be taken into account when interpreting the data.
The gender gap in science. Women as a share of total researchers, 2007 or latest available year 0% 30% 30.1% 45% 45.1% 55% 55.1% 70% 70.1% 100% Data not available Source: UIS, September 2009 Note: Data in this map are based on HC.
Where are researchers located? Shares of world researchers by principal regions/countries, 2002 and 2007 (%) 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2002 2007 35.7% 41.4% 31.9% 28.4% 28.1% 25.8% 25.2% 22.2% 23.2% 20.3% 14.0% 20.1% 20.3% 18.9% 11.2% 10.0% 10.0% 7.8% 8.5% 6.6% 5.0% 6.0% 4.6% 4.0% 2.9% 3.6% 3.2% 3.0% 3.0% 2.5% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.2% 2.1% 2.1% 1.7% 1.8% 1.6% 1.8% 1.2% 1.7% 1.5% 1.4% 0.5% 0.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% Asia Europe Americas North America United States China European Union Japan C.I.S. Europe Russian Fed. N.I.E. Asia Germany L.A.C. France United Kingdom Africa India Oceania C.E.O. Europe Other in Asia Brazil Arab States (Africa) Mexico Egypt Other Sub-Saharan C.I.S. Asia Argentina Israel Arab States (Asia) South Africa 0.2% 0.3% Source: UIS, September 2009
R&D Personnel, selected countries in ECOWAS countries, 2007 or LYA Country Year Researchers (FTE) Researchers per million inhabitants (FTE) Benin 2007 1,000 (HC) 119 (HC) Burkina-Faso 2007 187 (HC) 12 (HC) Cape Verde 2002 60 132 Cote d Ivoire 2005 1,269 66 Gambia 2005 46 (HC) 30 (HC) Ghana Guinea 2000 2,117 (HC) 253 (HC) Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali 2006 513 42 Niger 2005 101 8 Nigeria 2005 28,533 (HC) 203 (HC) Senegal 2007 3,277 276 Sierra-Leone Togo 2007 216 34 Source: UIS S&T Database, March 2009. FTE: Full-time equivalent - HC: Headcount - * Based on partial data
A snap-shot of R&D intensity. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP, 2007 or latest available year 0.00% 0.25% 0.26% 0.50% 0.51% 1.00% 1.01% 2.00% 2.01% and above Data not available Source: UIS, September 2009
Which regions are most R&D intensive? Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a % of GDP by principal regions/countries, 2007 or latest year available 5.0% 4.7% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.4% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2.7% 2.6% 2.6% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% 1.7% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% 1.3% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 0.8% Israel 0.6% Japan 0.5% United States 0.5% North America 0.4% Germany 0.4% France 0.3% Americas 0.3% Oceania 0.2% United Kingdom 0.2% N.I.E. Asia 0.1% European Union World Europe Asia China C.E.O. Europe Russian Fed. C.I.S. Europe Brazil -1 South Africa -1 India L.A.C. Argentina Mexico -2 Other in Asia Africa Arab States (Africa) Other Sub-Saharan Egypt C.I.S. Asia Arab States (Asia) Source: UIS, September 2009 Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005
Expenditure on R&D as a % of GDP, 2007 Source: UIS, September 2009 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% The evolution of R&D intensity GERD as a percentage of GDP, 1996 (or earliest available year) and 2007 (or latest available year), countries with R&D intensity below 1.5% in both years. R&D intensity up Tunisia China Portugal Estonia Lithuania Hong Kong, Ch. Pakistan Turkey Chile Malaysia Iran Morocco Latvia Malta Mexico Argentina Bulgaria Greece Cyprus D.R. Congo Cuba Mauritius Uganda Sudan Costa Rica Seychelles Uruguay Thailand Kyrgyzstan Bolivia 23 25 Panama Kazakhstan Macedonia (FYR) 8 14 22 12 21 20 28 Georgia 11 26 15 18 Colombia 46 17 19 24 2 7 9 16 5 1013 27 1 3 Brazil Hungary South Africa India Poland Romania St. Lucia Spain Montenegro Moldova Italy Slovakia Russian Fed. Belarus Croatia Slovenia Ireland New Zealand Ukraine R&D intensity stable R&D intensity down 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% Expenditure on R&D as a % of GDP, 1996 Note: countries in the left-bottom corner of the graph are represented by the following numbers. 1: Zambia; 2: Brunei; 3: Bosnia & Herzegovina; 4: Guatemala; 5: Honduras; 6: Lesotho; 7: Jamaica; 8: Myanmar; 9: Saudi Arabia; 10: Indonesia; 11: Macao, Ch.; 12: Peru; 13: Nicaragua; 14: Ecuador; 15 : Paraguay; 16: Tajikistan; 17: Trinidad & Tobago; 18: Philippines; 19: Burkina Faso; 20: Ethiopia; 21: Sri Lanka; 22 :Armenia ; 23: Mongolia; 24: Kuwait; 25: Egypt; 26: Madagascar; 27: Algeria; 28: Azerbaijan.
GERD by region GERD in billions PPP$ by regions 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 2002 2007 Americas Europe Africa Asia Oceania
Where are R&D investments made? Shares of world R&D expenditure (GERD) by principal regions/countries, 2002 and 2007 (%) 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 40.4% 37.6% 37.8% 34.7% 27.1% 32.7% 35.1% 32.4% 30.3% 27.3% 26.1% 22.9% 2002 2007 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Americas North America Asia United States 13.7% 13.0% 5.0% 9.2% 5.1% 6.4% 7.2% 6.1% 4.8% 3.8% 3.9% 3.3% 2.6% 2.9% 2.3% 2.4% 1.6% 2.2% 2.0% 2.1% 1.8% 1.9% 1.5% 1.6% 1.4% 1.6% 0.6% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.5% 0.6% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Europe European Union Japan China N.I.E. Asia Germany France United Kingdom L.A.C. C.I.S. Europe India Russian Fed. C.E.O. Europe Brazil Oceania Other in Asia Africa Israel Mexico South Africa Arab States (Africa) Other Sub-Saharan Argentina Arab States (Asia) Egypt C.I.S. Asia Source: UIS, September 2009
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD), selected countries in ECOWAS countries, 2007 or LYA Country Year GERD ('000) Local currency GERD - PPP$ ('000) GERD as % of GDP Benin Burkina-Faso 2007 3,589,972 18,392 0.11% Cape Verde Cote d Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal 2007 4,090,000 16,252 0.09% Sierra-Leone Togo Source: UIS S&T Database, March 2009 * Based on partial data
Funding in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year Business entreprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Abroad Unknown 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% South Africa -2 Morocco -1 Tunisia -2 Uganda Burkina Faso Ethiopia Mozambique -5 Madagascar Malaysia -1 Japan Israel -2 Rep. of Korea China Philippines -2 Singapore Hong Kong -1 Kazakhstan Thailand -2 Kyrgyzstan -2 Lao P.D.R. -5 Azerbaijan India -3 Sri Lanka -1 Viet Nam -5 Indonesia -6 Iran -1 Mongolia Kuwait Tajikistan -2 Brunei -3 Pakistan Armenia Cambodia -5 Australia -1 New Zealand Source: UIS, September 2009 Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002, -6 = 2001
Funding in Europe. GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year 100% 90% Business entreprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Abroad Unknown 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Luxembourg -2 Switzerland -3 Finland Germany -1 Sweden -2 Belgium -2 Denmark -2 Ireland -1 Slovenia Czech Rep. France -1 Netherlands -4 Iceland Austria Turkey United Kingdom Spain -1 Malta Norway Belarus Hungary Estonia Italy -1 Latvia Portugal -2 Slovakia Croatia Poland Greece -2 Bulgaria -1 Ukraine Russian Fed. Romania Lithuania Cyprus -1 Macedonia (FYR) -5 Rep. of Moldova Source: UIS, September 2009 Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002
Funding in the Americas. GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year Business entreprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Abroad Unknown 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% United States Canada Brazil -1 Mexico -2 Chile -3 Cuba Uruguay -1 Argentina Colombia -1 Ecuador Bolivia -5 El Salvador -9 Panama -2 Paraguay -2 Guatemala -1 Source: UIS, September 2009 Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002, -9 = 1998.
A breakdown of R&D investment in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year Business entreprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Unknown 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% South Africa -1 Botswana -2 Sudan -2 Morocco -1 Tunisia -2 Zambia -2 Uganda Senegal -2 Madagascar Burkina Faso Ethiopia Seychelles -2 Malaysia -1 Philippines -2 Israel Hong Kong -1 Thailand -1 Rep. of Korea China Singapore Philippines -2 Hong Kong -1 Kazakhstan Thailand -1 Lao P.D.R. -5 Kyrgyzstan Azerbaijan India -3 Sri Lanka -1 Viet Nam -5 Iran -1 Cambodia -5 Indonesia -2 Mongolia Armenia Tajikistan -2 Brunei -3 Pakistan Georgia -2 Australia -1 New Zealand Source: UIS, September 2009 Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002
A breakdown of R&D investment in Europe. GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year Business entreprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Unknown 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Luxembourg Sweden Switzerland -3 Finland Austria Germany Belgium Ireland Malta Denmark Russian Fed. United Kingdom Czech Rep. France Belarus Netherlands Slovenia Spain Ukraine Iceland Norway Portugal Hungary Italy -1 Estonia Romania Turkey Croatia Slovakia Latvia Bulgaria Poland Lithuania Greece Cyprus Rep. of Moldova Macedonia (FYR) -1 Montenegro Serbia Bosnia & Herzegovina Source: UIS, September 2009 Notes: -1 = 2006, -3 = 2004
A breakdown of R&D investment in the Americas. GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year Business entreprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Unknown 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% United States Canada Mexico -2 Chile -3 Brazil Argentina Peru -3 Uruguay -1 Costa Rica -3 Trinidad & Tobago -1 Bolivia -5 Colombia -1 Ecuador Guatemala -1 Paraguay -2 Panama -2 Source: UIS, September 2009 Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002
Quality of data Consistency over time and space Accessibility and affordability Comparability through standards Efficient use of resources Clarity and transparency Validity and reliability Relevance to policy Potential for disaggregation Currency and punctuality Coherence across sources
2. Capacity building There are many problems: Lack of understanding of importance of S&T (indicators) Lack of political will and action Lack of coordination Lack of trained personnel High staff turnover
Capacity building (2) Measurement problems: Measuring real effort (full-time equivalents) Private sector R&D Budget data vs. surveys Role of foreign entities
S&T statistics workshops Increase the number of countries regularly producing quality S&T indicators. Create local capacities and establish sustainable local S&T statistics systems. Promote the use of S&T indicators for evidence-based S&T policy making. Share experiences with other developing countries and address problems. Gain knowledge about the particular characteristics of S&T statistics data. Demonstrate good practices in other countries of the region.
UIS S&T Statistics workshops 2005: Uganda, India 2006: Indonesia, Senegal, Kazakhstan 2007: Tunisia, FYR of Macedonia, Jordan, Brazil, Russia, Cameroon 2008: Oman, Cambodia 2009: Kenya, Egypt But also contributing to similar workshops of partner organisations (e.g. RICYT, NEPAD)
Countries that have participated in UNESCO S&T statistics workshops 2005-2009 Countries and territories covered Countries and territories covered but absent Countries and territories not yet covered Countries and territories not targeted
Results of workshops Increased response rate non-responding countries learn how to do it from UIS and neighbours. Immediate problems solved. Increased data quality improved understanding of application of international standards. Face to face contacts = more effective networking. Inputs to UIS programme development.
3. Standard setting/methodological developments Careers of Doctoral Holders CDH (since 2004) Measuring Innovation in Developing countries: Annex to the Oslo Manual (2005) Will be presented separately Measuring R&D in Developing Countries: Technical Guide and Annex to the Frascati Manual (2010) Will be presented separately
The careers of doctorate holders survey (CDH) A joint project with the OECD and Eurostat. Methodology developed from scratch. Aimed both at developed and developing countries. With participation from experts from both developed and developing countries. Promoting the methodology by encouraging developing countries to conduct such surveys and produce cross-nationally comparable statistics on careers of doctorate holders.
Relevance of the CDH project There is a new focus on the crucial role of highly qualified individuals who represent a key to the production, application and transmission of knowledge. Statistics on the global trends in human resources for Science and Technology (HRST) are very weak. The quality and comparability of international data on migration is particularly weak. Diversity of data collection methods hinders international comparability, and does not provide information on career paths and mobility patterns.
Objectives: Objectives of CDH To design an internationally comparable tool for tracking the careers of doctorates holders and highly qualified people in different countries. to collect and exchange information on the career paths of holders of doctorates from existing data sources and the new survey tool.
Components: CDH toolkit Model questionnaire and Instruction Manual Output tables and variables definitions Methodological guidelines Bridge table model questionnaire - output tables See: http:///ev.php?url_id=5219& URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201 and www.oecd.org/sti/cdh
CDH modules Doctoral Education (EDU) Early Career Research positions (ECR) Employment situation (EMP) International mobility (MOB) Career-related experience (CAR) Personal characteristics (PER)
4. Some publications Data publicly available at: UIS Publications (can be downloaded from the UIS website): S&T Bulletin 1 Investment in R&D; S&T Bulletin 2 Bibliometric Indicators; S&T Bulletin 3 Women in Science Fact sheet: R&D statistics (recently updated) UNESCO Science Report 2005 (next edition: 2010) International Report on Science, Technology and Gender 2007 UNESCO World Report History of Science Statistics at UNESCO Paper on current status of International Science statistics for Africa in African Statistical Journal
Collaborations / Partnerships UNESCO HQs World Bank Eurostat AU-NEPAD ADB ATPS ISDB EU-Medibtikar IDRC (Canada) IRD (France) UNESCO offices worldwide OECD RICYT (Latin America) ALECSO Arab Academy of Science ISESCO Inter-Academy Council INRS (Quebec, Canada) ASEAN
Collaboration with AU/NEPAD MOU between AU/NEPAD and UIS Attend each other s meetings Separate data collection for now Closer collaboration over the next few years
Way forward There is still a lot to do! Looking forward to further cooperation. UIS needs to keep direct contact with statisticians: Quality and relevance. Countries to establish sustainable S&T statistics systems, involving line ministries (S&T Ministries or Research Councils) and National Statistical Offices.
Thank you! http:// m.schaaper@uis.unesco.org