UNITED STATES HISTORY UNIT 4, PART 2 Early 19 th Century America Name: Date: 1
JACKSON S PRESIDENCY TASK Using the aspects of Jackson s Presidency outlined in the table below, determine whether or not those actions made America more or less democratic and explain why. Aspect of Jackson s Presidency 03/04/1829: Jackson Inaugurated Military hero and self-made man Andrew Jackson is sworn in as the seventh President of the United States. In his inaugural speech, Jackson articulates the principle of federal office rotation, ushering in the spoils system for loyal supporters of presidential candidates. Under the spoils system, the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favors. Additionally, Jackson declares that government officials should not be allowed to serve inefficiently for excessive and indeterminate amounts of time; although his words are cause for concern, Jackson will replace only 9 percent of appointed federal officials during his first year in office. 05/27/1830: Jackson vetoes Maysville Road bill Jackson vetoes the Maysville Road bill, which would have sanctioned the federal government's purchase of stock for the creation of a road entirely within Kentucky, the home state of longtime foe Henry Clay. Jackson regards the project as a local matter and thinks its funding should come from local sources. Jackson is not entirely opposed to the federal financing of such projects, supporting the allocation of federal monies for the National Road. Nevertheless, his veto of the Maysville Road bill indicates a shift in how the federal government intends to pay for internal improvements. 05/28/1830: Indian Removal Act Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act, sanctioning the forcible relocation of Creek, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes to land allotments west of the Mississippi river. Ninety-four removal treaties follow the bill's enactment. From 1835 to 1838, Cherokee and Creek are forcibly removed from the Southeast onto reservations. Nearly one quarter die along what became known as the Trail of Tears. 07/10/1832: Jackson vetoes a bill for the Second Bank of the United States On July 10, 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill that would have renewed the corporate charter for the Second Bank of the United States, created in the aftermath of the war of 1812. At the end of 1831, Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, supporters of the Bank, convinced the Bank's president, Nicholas Biddle, to submit an early petition for the renewal of the Bank's charter to Congress. (The 2 nd Bank of the United States was chartered through 1836.) The petition to recharter the Bank became an instant source of controversy in Congress. Although Jackson himself despised the Bank of the United States and had been an outspoken opponent since before he became President, many Jacksonians, especially from Eastern and Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic Undemocratic Undemocratic Undemocratic Undemocratic Why? 2
Midwest states, supported the Bank. The recharter bill passed both houses of Congress. Although the bulk of Jackson's cabinet favored the recharter, Jackson vetoed the bill a week after Congress passed it. Jackson explained his veto in a lengthy message, one of the most important state papers of his presidency. Jackson's message labeled the Bank elitist and antirepublican. It also argued extensively that the Bank was unconstitutional and that it was neither necessary nor proper for the federal government to authorize and permit the existence of an institution so big and so powerful that only directly benefited a privileged few. Jackson thus challenged the rulings of the Supreme Court of the United States, which had held consistently that the Bank was constitutional. Jackson's Bank veto was significant, since it firmly inserted the President into the legislative process. Jackson vetoed the Bank bill not only for constitutional reasons, but also for political reasons. Previous Presidents had used the veto sparingly, only when they felt a law was unconstitutional. Jackson did not acquiesce in the Supreme Court's rulings that the Bank was constitutional; he challenged it head on. He also pointed to many non-constitutional issues in his message, which was new. Jackson's rhetoric of celebrating the role of the small farmer, the working man, and the middling artisan was also significant, since it has come to define Jacksonian Democracy for many historians. It was also a source of Jackson's broad-based appeal, which secured his reelection later in 1832. 11/24/1832: Ordinance of Nullification A South Carolina state convention adopts the Ordinance of Nullification, a decree nullifying congressional acts involving duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities in response to a tariff imposed in 1828. 12/10/1832: Nullification Proclamation Jackson issues the Nullification Proclamation, which stated that states and municipalities are forbidden from nullifying federal laws. 03/01/1833: Force Bill Pressed by Jackson, Congress passes the Force Bill, authorizing Jackson's use of the army to gain compliance for federal law in South Carolina. 03/28/1834: Jackson withdrawals federal deposits Viewing his reelection as a mandate to continue his war against the Second Bank of the United States, Jackson issues an order for the Treasury Department to withdrawal federal deposits from the Bank of the United States and place them in state banks. When Secretary of the Treasury William Duane refuses, Jackson fires him. On March 28, the Senate passes a resolution of censure admonishing Jackson. The censure will be officially expunged from the record on January 16, 1837, the result of political bargaining. Jackson will continue to take action against the Bank, which closes its doors in 1841. Democratic Democratic Undemocratic Undemocratic 3
NULLIFICATION CRISIS The relationship between the North and the South was tenuous when Andrew Jackson came to office in 1828. Ever since the Constitutional Convention of 1787, northerners and southerners had fought over slavery and tariffs. Each region wanted to make sure their economies were protected in the new Union. Several times states threatened to leave the Constitutional Convention and abandon the writing of the Constitution. By the end of the Convention, both sides had made significant compromises to the Constitution such as the three-fifths clause, the fugitive slave clause, and Article 1, Section 8, which allowed Congress to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises. These compromises were shaky. Neither side was truly pleased with the results. Forty-one years later, in 1828, the issue of tariffs surfaced again. Congress passed a high protective tariff on imported, primarily manufactured, goods such as clothing and building materials. The South, being predominantly agricultural and reliant on the North and foreign countries for manufactured goods, saw this tariff as an affront to their economy. Vice President John C. Calhoun called it a "tariff of abominations" meant to favor the North. South Carolina declared that Congress was overstepping its power by offering such support of the North s manufacturing industries. The confrontation quickly spun into a debate over the power of the federal government to decide the rights of states. In 1832, after the passage of another tariff, South Carolina declared the tariffs null and void, and threatened to leave the Union in the Ordinance of Nullification. Jackson responded swiftly, calling the action treasonous. He asked Congress for the power to use military force to ensure that states adhered to federal law. While Congress debated the resulting Force Bill which would grant the President his wish Kentucky s Henry Clay introduced a compromise tariff. Both bills passed in 1832. In the end, the North and South compromised, but not without revealing how fragile the relationship was. The Nullification Crisis foreshadowed the eventual secession of the South in 1860 1861. Summarize the Nullification Crisis When In 1832, Who South Carolina What List the constitutional issues underlying South Carolina s Ordinance of Nullification Why because 4
South Carolina s Ordinance of Nullification, written by John C. Calhoun EXPOSITION The committee have bestowed on the subjects referred to them the deliberate attention which their importance demands; and the result, on full investigation, is a unanimous opinion that the act of Congress of the last session, with the whole system of legislation imposing duties on imports not for revenue, but the protection of one branch of industry at the expense of others is unconstitutional, unequal, and oppressive, and calculated to corrupt the public virtue and destroy the liberty of the country; which propositions they propose to consider in the order stated, and then to conclude their report with the consideration of the important question of the remedy. The committee do not propose to enter into an elaborate or refined argument on the question of the constitutionality of the Tariff system. The General Government is one of specific powers, and it can rightfully exercise only the powers expressly granted, and those that may be necessary and proper to carry them into effect, all others being reserved expressly to the States or the people. It results, necessarily, that those who claim to exercise power under the Constitution, are bound to show that it is expressly granted, or that it is necessary and proper as a means to some of the granted powers. The advocates of the Tariff have offered no such proof. It is true that the third section of the first article of the Constitution authorizes Congress to lay and collect an impost duty, but it is granted as a tax power for the sole purpose of revenue a power in its nature essentially different from that of imposing protective or prohibitory duties The facts are few and simple. The Constitution grants to Congress the power of imposing a duty on imports for revenue, which power is abused by being converted into an instrument of rearing up the industry of one section of the country on the ruins of another It is, in a word, a violation by perversion the most dangerous of all, because the most insidious, and difficult to resist PROTEST The Senate and House of Representatives of South Carolina, now met and sitting in General Assembly, through the Hon. William Smith and the Hon. Robert Y. Hayne, their Representatives in the Senate of the United States, do, in the name and on behalf of the good people of the said Commonwealth, solemnly protest against the system of protecting duties, lately adopted by the Federal Government, for the following reasons: 1st. Because the good people of this commonwealth believe, that the powers of Congress were delegated to it, in trust for the accomplishment of certain specified objects which limit and control them, and that every exercise of them, for any other purposes, is a violation of the Constitution as unwarrantable as the undisguised assumption of substantive, independent powers not granted, or expressly withheld. 3rd. Because they believe that the Tariff Law passed by Congress at the last session, and all other acts of which the principal object is the protection of manufactures, or any other branch of domestic industry, if they considered as the exercise of a supposed power in Congress to tax the people at its own good will and pleasure, and to apply the money raised to objects not specified in the Constitution, is a violation of these fundamental principles, a breach of a well-defined trust, and a perversion of the humble powers vested in the Federal Government for federal purposes only 8th. Finally, because South Carolina, from her climate, situation, and peculiar institutions, is, and must ever continue to be, wholly dependent upon agriculture and commerce, not only for her prosperity, but for her very existence as a State because the valuable products of her soil the blessings by which Divine Providence seems to have designed to compensate for the great disadvantages under which she suffers in other respects are among the very few that can be cultivated with any profit by slave labor and if, by the loss of her foreign commerce, these products should be confined to an inadequate market, the fate of this fertile State would be poverty and utter desolation; her citizens, in despair, would emigrate to more fortunate regions, and the whole frame and constitution of her civil polity, be impaired and deranged, if not dissolved entirely. Deeply impressed with these considerations, the representatives of the good people of this commonwealth, anxiously desiring to live in peace with their fellow-citizens and to do all that in them lies to preserve and perpetuate the union of the State and the liberties of which it is the surest pledge but feeling it to be their bounden duty to expose and resist all encroachments upon the true spirit of the Constitution, lest an apparent acquiescence in the system of protecting duties should be drawn into precedent do, in the name of the commonwealth of South Carolina, claim enter upon the journals of the Senate, their protest against it as unconstitutional, oppressive, and unjust. Andrew Jackson s Nullification Proclamation to Congress, 1832 5
Fellow-citizens of the United States! the threat of unhallowed disunion-the names of those, once respected, by whom it is uttered--the array of military force to support it-denote the approach of a crisis in our affairs on which the continuance of our unexampled prosperity, our political existence, and perhaps that of all free governments, may depend. The conjuncture demanded a free, a full, and explicit enunciation, not only of my intentions, but of my principles of action, and as the claim was asserted of a right by a State to annul the laws of the Union, and even to secede from it at pleasure, a frank exposition of my opinions in relation to the origin and form of our government, and the construction I give to the instrument by which it was created, seemed to be proper. Having the fullest confidence in the justness of the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties which has been expressed, I rely with equal confidence on your undivided support in my determination to execute the laws-to preserve the Union by all constitutional means-to arrest, if possible, by moderate but firm measures, the necessity of a recourse to force; and, if it be the will of Heaven that the recurrence of its primeval curse on man for the shedding of a brother's blood should fall upon our land, that it be not called down by any offensive act on the part of the United States. Fellow-citizens! the momentous case is before you. On your undivided support of your government depends the decision of the great question it involves, whether your sacred Union will be preserved, and the blessing it secures to us as one people shall be perpetuated. No one can doubt that the unanimity with which that decision will be expressed, will he such as to inspire new confidence in republican institutions, and that the prudence, the wisdom, and the courage which it will bring to their defense, will transmit them unimpaired and invigorated to our children. The Force Bill, Signed into law by Andrew Jackson in 1833 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, SEC. 1. That whenever, by reason of unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages of persons, it shall become impracticable, in the judgment of the President, to execute the revenue laws, and collect the duties on imports in the ordinary way, in any collection district, it shall and may be lawful for the President to direct that the custom-house for such district be established and kept in any secure place within some port or harbour of such district, either upon land or on board any vessel SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That whenever the President of the United States shall be officially informed, by the authorities of any state, or by a judge of any circuit or district court of the United States, in the state, that, within the limits of such state, any law or laws of the United States, or the execution thereof, or of any process from the courts of the United States, is obstructed by the employment of military force, or by any other unlawful means, too great to be overcome by the ordinary course of judicial proceeding, or by the powers vested in the marshal by existing laws, it shall be lawful for him, the President of the United States, forthwith to issue his proclamation, declaring such fact or information, and requiring all such military and other force forthwith to disperse; and if at any time after issuing such proclamation, any such opposition or obstruction shall be made, in the manner or by the means aforesaid, the President shall be, and hereby is, authorized, promptly to employ such means to suppress the same, and to cause the said laws or process to be duly executed... President Andrew Jackson I think 6
I hear I see I feel I did Vice President John C. Calhoun I hear I think I see I feel I did INDIAN REMOVAL ACT 7
Station #3: Supreme Court Cases Station # 2: Andrew Jackson s Message to Congress Station #1: Map The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march, which became known as the "Trail of Tears." # Analysis Questions Notes & Answers There were no railroads in 1832 to transport the Native Americans to their new lands. They travelled mostly by foot, covered wagon, horseback, or boat. What do you think the journey was like for Native Americans? Use specific evidence from the maps to support your claims. Provide three specific reasons referenced in his speech that explain why President Jackson supported Indian Removal. According to the Supreme Court, why is the Indian Removal Act unconstitutional? 8
Station #7: Cherokee Nation Station # 6: Cave Johnson to President Jackson Station #5: Cherokee Nation Station #4: Arguments against Native American Resettlement Do you think Emerson thinks that Indian Removal is just or unjust? Cite evidence from the document to support your claim. Based on the painting, how would you describe the Cherokee Nation s journey along the Trail of Tears? What stands out to you? What are two reasons why Cave Johnson (US Congressman from Tennessee and Postmaster General) supports the Indian Removal Act? What are two reasons why the Cherokee were fearful of moving to the new lands? Provide evidence from the document to support your claims. 9
REFLECTION Once you have completed all the stations, reflect on all of the documents you have examined thus far about the Indian Removal Act to answer the two questions below. What were the arguments in support of Indian Removal? Claims Evidence [from documents at stations] to support claims What were the arguments against the Indian Removal Act? Claims Evidence [from documents at stations] to support claims Together, we will analyze the cartoon below to assess the public s response to the Indian Removal Act. 10
EARLY 19 TH CENTURY ELECTIONS Using the stations around the room, complete the following trading cards for each of the following candidates. Once finished, your candidates will go head to head! Front Name: Back Strengths/Successes: Weaknesses/Failures: Front Name: Back Strengths/Successes: Weaknesses/Failures: 11
Front Name: Back Strengths/Successes: Weaknesses/Failures: Front Name: Back Strengths/Successes: Weaknesses/Failures: 12
Front Name: Back Strengths/Successes: Weaknesses/Failures: Front Name: Back Strengths/Successes: Weaknesses/Failures: 13
TRANSCENDENTALISM AND UTOPIANISM What is Transcendentalism? Notes 1. How did transcendentalism differ from Puritanism, upon which much of colonial American culture was built? 2. Describe the historical context for the emergence of transcendentalism in New England in 1836. 14
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Is this real life? Who led it? What is it? Transcendentalism Utopianism Add your own definition to our feed! 16
Non-Protestants African Methodist Episcopal Congregationalist Evangelical Methodist Evangelical Baptist Sabbatarian THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Based on the video, why did the Second Great Awakening begin? DIRECTIONS Using the posters hung around the room, complete the table below. Who? What? Where? Why? 17
Transcendentalism Education Temperance Prison Reform Women s Rights Abolition REFORM MOVEMENTS OF THE EARLY 19 TH CENTURY DIRECTIONS Use the stations around the room to complete the chart below. Goals Key Leaders Reasons to Support Reasons to Oppose Achievements TASK After completing the chart above, each group will be assigned one area of social reform to create a propaganda piece for. Each group member will create his or her own piece of propaganda for that movement, that appeals to the North, South, capitalists, or laborers depending on his or her role. Your notes on this page and your propaganda piece will be submitted at the end of the period for a quiz grade. 18
IMPACTS OF THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING TASK The Second Great Awakening had resounding effects on all aspects of society. Using your knowledge of the Second Great Awakening and Reform Movements of the 19 th century, analyze the impacts of the Second Great Awakening on your group s assigned PERSIAN aspect of society, through the lenses of various reformers. Describe the impact And its effect on Abolition: Temperance: P Women: Non-Protestants: Abolition: Temperance: E Women: Non-Protestants: Abolition: Temperance: R Women: Non-Protestants: 19
Describe the impact And its effect on Abolition: Temperance: S Women: Non-Protestants: Abolition: Temperance: I Women: Non-Protestants: Abolition: Temperance: A Women: Non-Protestants: 20