Scientific Diasporas: From Brain Drain to Brain Gain The Role of CERN John ELLIS, Advisor to the Director-General, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Diaspora!
Outline Research at CERN What we do How we do it International collaboration Member and non-member States Accelerators, detectors, IT Roles of diasporas at CERN
Inside Matter All matter is made of the same constituents What are they? What forces between them?
The Standard Model of Particle Physics Proposed by Abdus Salam, Glashow & Weinberg Crucial tests in experiments at CERN, etc. Diaspora! In agreement with all confirmed laboratory experiments What lies beyond the Standard Model?
To answer this question: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Several thousand billion protons Each with ~ 7000 rest energy ~ the energy of a fly 99.9999991% of light speed Orbit 27km ring 11 000 times/second A billion collisions a second Primary targets: Origin of mass Nature of Dark Matter Primordial Plasma Matter vs Antimatter
The ATLAS Detector Diameter 25 m Total length 46 m Overall weight 7000 tons More components than a moon rocket 2642 scientific authors over 700 students 37 countries
Globalization of CERN 20 Member States (+1 candidate) European countries Subscriptions pay for infrastructure, eligible for contracts, training programmes, staff members, 6 Observer States Have made significant contributions to CERN budget and/or LHC 36 Co-operation Agreements with governments, agencies Participations in experiments 26 other countries have some contacts Individual scientists
Scientists collaborating with CERN Scientists remain based in their home Universities, Institutes Latin America: Cooperation Agreements with 8 countries helped by EU via HELEN network Africa: Cooperation Agreements with 4 countries Locations of Institutes Asia & Australasia: 3 Observer States Cooperation Agreements with 10 countries 34 countries
Why Collaborate with CERN? General public, particle physicists Universal questions Nature of matter, evolution & structure of Universe Funding agencies, politicians Interest young people in science Knowledge-based economy International collaboration CERN More brains More financial resources CERN Council Working Group on enlargement
The Birthplace of The first server at CERN the World-Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee the inventor The first download in California 1991
Grid: Largest Computer System in the World Development led by CERN 100,000 computers all over the world Grid is next advance in decentralised computing Many other applications: biology, climate,
Collaborations at CERN Accelerator projects LHC LHC upgrade Possible future accelerators Experimental detectors at CERN Legally independent of CERN Information technology Worldwide LHC computing Grid EGEE + extensions Applications Accelerator technologies Detector technologies
Participations in CERN Accelerator Projects LHC Canada, India*, Japan, Russia, USA *Coordinated by expatriate CERN staff member LHC upgrades India, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia* * Coordinated by student at CERN CLIC (next-generation collider) China, India, Iran*, Japan, Pakistan*, Russia, Turkey*, Ukraine, USA* *Students/postdocs working at CERN
Participations in Major Experiments ATLAS: Argentina*, Armenia*, Australia*, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Chile*, China, Colombia, Georgia, Israel, Japan, Morocco*, Romania, Russia*, Serbia, Slovenia, Taipei, Turkey*, USA CMS: Brazil, China*, Croatia*, Cyprus, Estonia, India*, Iran, Ireland, Korea, Lithuania*, Mexico, New Zealand*, Pakistan, Russia*, Serbia, Taipei, Turkey*, USA *Key roles played by expatriate physicists
Training Programmes 2008 Summer undergraduate student programme: 120 students from 20 Member States 100 students from 32 non-member States, e.g., Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Colombia, Cuba, Georgia, Ghana, India, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, UAE, Vietnam High-school teacher programme: Saudi Arabia, UNESCO Digital libraries*: UNESCO (South Africa, Madagascar, Rwanda) *Part of CERN commitment to Open Access CERN-Latin American physics school in 2009 Africa in 2010?
Roles of Diasporas at CERN Global network of scientific collaborations Exchanges between nodes Nationalities of physicists different from institutions First generation helps the next Elder brothers and sisters Motivated to support compatriots Contacts in home country Advice respected, help welcomed Concrete example Indian staff member at CERN trains students, helps new Indian institutes join research at CERN
Scientists collaborating with CERN + 6 Nationalities + 56 + 18-187 - 385-102 + 136 + 438-55 - 102 + 643 70 countries