SECURITY COUNCIL GUIDE

SECURITY COUNCIL GUIDE

Committee: Security Council UPAMUN Delegates, It is a honour for us, the Chair, to welcome you to the UPAMUN 2019. We appreciate your decision of becoming part of the Security Council committee and hope this is a meaningful and growing experience for each one of you. As members of the Security Council you will have to work together, debate and find proper solutions favorable for all, that maintain international peace and security. Diplomacy is the main tool in order to achieve this, which is why we encourage delegations to hold a diplomatic posture that helps in the development of negotiation and resolution process. We hope this document is useful as part of your investigation and understanding in regards to both topics. Without further more, we wish you all the best during the model. Sincerely, Samantha Lambarén Avendaño Moderator Felipe Focil Mendoza Conference Official Elisa Contreras President

The Committee The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations. It is the responsible of maintaining international peace and security. When there is a threat to peace it's its duty to call upon parties and try to agree by peaceful means. It might make recommendations to member states or, in some cases, Security Council has the ability to impose sanctions or authorize the use of force in order to keep or regain international peace, that all member states are obligated to follow under the UN Charter. Among their faculties, the Security Council can: 1. Undertake investigation and mediation, in some cases. 2. Appoint special envoys. 3. Charge with economic sanctions. 4. Severance of Diplomatic relations. 5. Blockades. 6. Collective military action. 7. Issue ceasefire directives that can help prevent an escalation of the conflict. 8. Dispatch military observers or a peacekeeping force to help reduce tensions, separate opposing forces and establish a calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought. Never for the sake of peace and quiet deny your convictions. Dag Hammarskjold.

Introduction to the topic 1. Situation in Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947, India was divided by a British Commision into the majority of Pakistan and India. In the process 500,000 deaths were caused. Sindh, Bengal,Jammu and Kashmir were from the most affected areas in this situation. Due to being separated, the ruler of Majority in Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh had signed an agreement with Pakistan and India to discuss the changes for the nation with undetermined future. However, in October 1947, the tribesmen acted without Pakistani approval by bringing military forces over the border of the territories. There was a suggestion of support by Maharaja towards India, however elucidating the impression that was considered as dangerous by India. In addition to this, there was a creation of a program in regards to Muslim massacre, causing approximately 20,000 to over 100,000 deaths. Kashmir was ceded to India, however, Pakistan complained since they still had the signed agreement and it still had validity. Then on October 1947, a war began between rebel forces and Pashtun men, causing the first Indian-Pakistani war. United Nations made a resolution on the problem being a referendum to being held, so the civilians could decide their nation s future themselves. Nonetheless, both forces never withdrew, so no referendum was held. Later on, a ceasefire in 1949 was made, dividing Kashmir in two, but wanting to take the other territory. Ergo, there were major armed conflicts caused which haven t stopped since, causing that civilians including children and women get constantly kidnapped or massacred due to this situation. It is important that the Security Council discuss in the event of Jammu and Kashmir being divided between China, Pakistan and India, to give complete control over the region to an specific country or support the separatist ideas and create a new autonomous state, in order to solve the political issues in this region.

Historical Context The situation in Jammu and Kashmir is a conflict between India, China and Pakistan that has lasted for decades, getting into a point in which these countries were forced to fight for the region including violence in the process. To begin with, the Indo-Pakistani conflict was caused due to wanting to take over the territory of Jammu and Kashmir, starting in October 1947 and ending in December 1948. The problem was produced by the aftermath of the separation that the British did during 1947. It was accorded that later on, it would be chosen to whom the place would belong to. However, when it was time for to be accorded, the president, Maharaja Hari Singh remained neutral and this caused tension between Pakistan and the government of Kashmir, so the Tribal rebellion broke out in Kashmir, without any authority consentment, and by October 20th, Pakistani forces showed up as well. Throughout the first week of the armed conflict, tribal groups attacked Abbottabad, a city which is located in Pakistan, and there were battalions between the Kashmir government at Muzaffarabad, Srinagar, and Dommel. As time went by, both forces were looking as if it would not be retreat, so the ruler as being seen as almost defeated, decided to asked India for Military Support. India agreed to help and on October 26th, an Instrument of Accession was signed, which meant that India could access to the state. The Indian forces acted quickly and due to the success, they stationed themselves at New Delhi, instead of doing what their ruler told them to do. So when they felt confident that no other force would come by, they stayed. However, they never thought that India's 161st Infantry Brigade would be deployed and thwarted the advance of the tribal forces. A fight began and Indian forces were pushed away from the borders. The armed conflict went on and in spring 1948, India tried to recover the land they had lost, and Jammu became the main focus. Since forces thought it was becoming a dangerous situation for the habitants, United Nations established a ceasefire in January 1st 1949, however, both forces never retreated so the war continued.

Current Situation For seventy years at this point in time, India and Pakistan fought three wars over Kashmir, making it the most militarized zone in the world. There are about 600,000 Indian troops which have violated human rights such as rape, tortures and enforced disappearances. This year, Kashmir suffers its deadliest year since 2009, with more than 500 deaths. This gives us an example of how the situation has tensioned throughout the years and how it needs and urgent solution as soon as possible. Action taken by United Nations The resolution reaffirms the inviolability of the right to self-determination for all people without exception, including, of course, the people of occupied Jammu and Kashmir and Palestine, Pakistan s Ambassador to the UN, Dr Maleeha Lodhi, who is at the present time in Islamabad, said in a phone interview with APP (Daily Pakistan, 2018). The actions taken by the UN are the following: UN agencies rushing to provide life-saving assistance in Yemen s Hodeidah. UN rights chief calls for international inquiry into rights abuses in Kashmir. Guide Questions What is the posture of the country you are representing as a delegate? Does this conflict has an economical, social or political impact on your Nation? What actions has your country taken towards the situation? Which nations agree with the posture of the country you are representing? Which countries disagree? What are possible agreements or solutions that have the ability to be improved in order to change the situation?

Bibliografía Bradnock, R. (1998). Regional geopolitics in a globalising world: Kashmir in geopolitical perspective. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14650049808407617 BBC. (2016). Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286 Jeelani, M. (2001). Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286 Web Desk. (2018) Jammu & Kashmir: UN passes Pakistan-sponsored resolution on right to self-determination. Retrieved from: https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/jammu-kashmir-un-passes-pakistan-sponsored-resolution-on-right-to-self-determination/ BBC. (September 7th, 2018). Why is there a war in Syria?. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35806229 Khan, M.(November 26th, 2008).The Role of Tribal Lashkars in Winning Pakistan s War on Terror. Obtained from: https://jamestown.org/program/the-role-of-tribal-lashkars-in-winning-pakistans-war-on-terror/ Global security.(november 7th, 2011). Indo-Pakistani Conflict of 1947-48.Obtained from: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1947.htm

The world is over-armed and peace is underfunded. Ban Ki-Moon Introduction to the topic 2. Strategies against the use of chemical and biological weapons in the Middle East. The use of chemical and biological weapons represents a critical threat to international security and a great concern towards the global community since it is a clear violation to the fifth article of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Biological weapons are commonly referred as germ weapons, due to their capability of spreading disease-producing agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and toxins among others, that damage humans, animals and plants. The biological weapon delivery systems have a variety of forms, including; missiles, bombs, spray-tanks, aircraft, injections, etc. This type of weapons are incapable of mass destruction on infrastructure or equipment, whatsoever the probability of starting a pandemy and the impossibility to control it, has made most countries agreed into banning them. The results of a pandemy would be catastrophic in all the areas, the drastically reduction of the population would bring a social and economic disturbance with the great possibility of a war between the affected countries. Otherwise a Chemical Weapon is defined as a toxic chemical contained in a deliver system such as a bomb or artillery shell divided in 3 differents kinds: Toxic Chemicals that could provoke death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm, Munition or Devices that are designed specific to harm or cause the death through the release of toxic chemicals and Equipment of directly connection with the employment of toxic chemical.

Historical context Biological weapons have had existed for a very long time. Since the attempt of spreading smallpox to native americans through contaminated blankets on 1763, to the later development of much more complex weapons such as anthrax spores, brucellosis and botulism toxins on the Second World War. Experiments and investigations related to the development and production of biological weapons are also, not new. Nations such as Japan, United States, China and Russia have a long record of being participants on conflicts (Second World War, Cold War, Vietnam War, etc.) where biological weapons took place. Be that as it may nations have signed treaties such as the BWC in 1972, which intends to banish and control the situation with biological weapons, the difficulty of determining whether incidents were caused by nature, an accident, or an act of biological warfare or terrorism, plus the secrecy of certain programs has made more complicated the investigations and possible resolutions. Chemical weapons have been more present in the human history, the use of Chlorine gas during the American Civil War bring with it a international treaties for banning the use of Chemical Weapons between 1874 and 1907. Nevermind were used once again in the First World War, including tear-gas grenades and mustard gas for once again ban its use at Geneva Protocol at 1925 for being broken again at the Second World War by the use of gases into extermination camps by the Nazis. Even with the creation of the United Nations and the completion of the Biological and Toxin Weapons convention at 1972, some countries ignored this completely. For example in the Iran-Iraq war in the decade of 1980, with Iraq using tabun against the Kurds minority.

Current Situation Bioterrorism has been increasing in the last few decade and as a consequence of this, chaos have been increasing with it. Just as it happened in the Bioterrorist attack in the United States after the September 11 Attack in 2001 with Anthrax, the development of Biological Weapons in Iraq and the most recent case of an Chemical attack in Syria in 2017. In 1993 was agreed the disarmament of Chemical Weapons, nevermind Syria public accept the use of this kinds of weapons at 2012 and had been used constantly using them against the Rebellion against Assad government causing thousands of casualties. The world is in a critical situation were the concern is not only due to the fact that biological weapons could be developed or used by states, although this may be true because of the likelihood that these weapons could be acquired or produced by non-state actors, including terrorist organizations is increasing. The need of worldwide political, social and health stability, especially in the Middle East has never been as crucial as it is nowadays. Actions taken by the United Nations The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) created on April 1972 was the first multilateral agreement that banned the development, production and stockpiling of biological weapons. This treaty has had several reviews in which they have achieved measures that reduce ambiguities and suspicions among nations. Under this agreements nations provide annual reports on their biological activities as well as information of any biological research and program they've had.

Guide Questions What is the posture of the country you are representing as a delegate? Does this conflict has an economical, social or political impact on your Nation? What history does your country has with this type of weapons? What actions has your country taken towards the situation? Which nations agree with the posture of the country you are representing? Which countries disagree? What are possible agreements or solutions that have the ability to be improved in order to change the situation? Points to Take Into Consideration Strategies for the disarmament of Biological and Chemical Weapons Economics cost for combating Bioterrorism Strategies to maintain diplomatic relationships Economy Impact in the involved countries Social Impact in the involved countries

References Official page of United Nations. http://www.un.org/en/sc/ United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/bio/ Schneider, B. (2014). Biological weapon. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/technology/biological-weapon Frischknecht, F.(2003).The history of biological warfare. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1326439 Guillemin, J. (2006). Scientists and the story of biological weapons: A brief historical overview of the development of biological weapons in the twentieth century. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1490304/ Vince, G.(July 11th, 2013).Global transformers: What if a Pandemic strikes?. Obtained from: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130711-what-if-a-pandemic-strikes Various Authors.(November 12th, 2018). Timeline of Syrian Chemical Weapons Activity, 2012-2018. Obtained from: https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/timeline-of-syrian-chemical-weapons-activity Everts, S. (2015). A Brief History of Chemical War. Obtained from: https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-brief-history-of-chemical-war