_ B/88495 TERMINATION OF WAR AND TREATIES OF PEACE BY COLEMAN PHILLIPSON M.A.. LL.D., Litt.D. Of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law AUTHOR Of "STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW," "EFFECT OF WAR ON CONTRACTS,' " INTERNATIONAL LAW. AND CUSTOM OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME," " INTERNATIONAL-LAW AND THB GREAT WAR," CO-AUTHOR OF "GREAT JURISTS OF THE WORLD," EDITOR OF WHEATON'S "INTERNATIONAL LAW,' ETC. THE LAWBOOK EXCHANGE, LTD. Clark, New Jersey 2008
PEEFACE..................... v INDEX OF JUDICIAL CASES.................. x y WORKS AND DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO............... Xy\i PART TERMINATION OF WAR BY MERE WITHDRAWAL FROM HOSTILITIES; OR BY CONQUEST AND SUBJUGATION I CHAPTER I TERMINATION OF WAR BY RECIPROCAL INTERMISSION OF HOSTILITIES... 3 Modes of terminating hostilities............... 3 De facto cessation of hostilities............... 4 Resulting difficulties.................. 5 Claims of the contending parties............... 6 Principle of utipouidetit.................. 6 Principle of status quo ante bellum............... 7 Publio proclamation necessary............... 8 CHAPTER II TERMINATION OF WAR BY CONQUEST AND SUBJUQATION......... 9 Difference between conquest and subjugation............ 9 Difference between occupation and annexation............ 10 Case of the Elector of Hesse-Cassel............... 11 Effect of treaty of cession.................. 12 Treaty of cession and title of the conqueror............ 13 Surrender of the Sonth African Bepublio and Orange Free State...... 14 The Peace of Vereeniging is not a peace proper......... 17 Other examples of conquest and annexation............ 18 Title by conquest.................... 19 CHAPTER III PBBMATUBE ANNEXATION. VIEWS AS TO VALIDITY OF CONQUESTS...... 20 Premature annexation.................. 20 By Great Britain, 1900.................. 22 By Italy, 1911 24 Current of modern opinion against forcible annexation...... 29 Consent of country annexed.................. 30 Resolutions of the International American Conference......... 31 vu
viii CHAPTER IV FAQS MAIN EFFECTS OF CONQUEST AND SUBJUGATION WITH REGARD TO STATE SUCCESSION.................. 32 When an entire State is annexed......... 32 Limitations imposed on the conqueror...... 33 Date of change of sovereignty...... 33 Effect on Treaties............... 34 Publio law and administration............ 35 Armed forces...... 35 Nationality......... 36 State property............. 39 Debts the Cuban debt.................. 40 Contracts and concessions...... 44 Private rights and private law............... 48 PART II TERMINATION OF WAR BY TREATIES OF PEACE. HOW THEY COME TO BE MADE; THEIR ; AND THEIR EFFECTS CHAPTER I ARMISTICE CONVENTIONS..................... 55 Suspension of hostilities.................. 56 Sometimes no armistice before peace negotiations......... 57 Examples..................... 57 Cases in which armistice concluded first............ 59 Distinction between armistice and suspension of arms......... 62 The Hague Regulations.................. 62 Political character of the general armistice............ 63 What may be done................. 63 Various examples of armistices............... 64 No settled rules..................... 74 CHAPTER II INTERPOSITION OF THIRD POWERS.................. 75 Belligerents and neutrals.................. 75 Forms of intervention good offices and mediation......... 76 When a case for interposition arises............... 78 Provision in treaties.................. 78 The Hague rules..................... 79 Instances of interposition.................. 81 CHAPTER III PRK.L:HINARIES OF PEACE..................... 94 Place of negotiation................. 94 Distinguished from preliminary conditions......... 95 Object and nature of the preliminaries......... 93
ix PAGE Chief parts..................... 97 General clauses.................. 98 Special clauses cession, indemnity............ 103 Miscellaneous provisions............... 107 Performance of certain clauses without waiting for the definitive treaty... 108 Modification by the definitive treaty............... 109 CHAPTER IV CONSTITUTION AND PROCEDURE OF THE PEACE CONFERENCE. GENERAL PRINCIPLES........................ m Allies and peace negotiations............... Ill Place of negotiation.................. 114 Title of plenipotentiary.................. 116 What persons are chosen.................. 117 Who is represented.................. 119 Distinction between congress and conference............ 120 Ceremonial and procedure............... 123 Initial proceedings..................... 123 Mode of conducting the deliberations............... 124 Secrecy........................ 125 Function of mediators.................. 126 The protocol and proces-verbal............... 128 The use of the alternat.................. 129 CHAPTER V PEACE NEGOTIATIONS. NOTABLE EXAMPLES FROM PREVIOUS WARS...... 130 Thirty Years'War..................... 130 Crimean War..................... 133 Austro-Prussian War.................. 135 Franco-German War.................. 136 Italian-Abyssinian War.................. 139 Spanish-American War................. 141 Basso-Japanese War.................. 145 Second Balkan War (1913).................. 149 CHAPTER VI THE TREATY OF PEACE. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. TREATY-MAKING POWER. NATURE OF TREATIES OF PEACE, THEIR BINDING FORCE. FORM AND PARTS. LANGUAGE. INTERPRETATION............... 155 Competence to conclude treaties............... 155 Negotiations with a revolutionary Government......... 159 Whether the head of the State, if taken prisoner, can bind his country... 160 Binding force effect of duress............ 162 Treaty of peace as a " real " treaty a compromise......... 164 Form of treaty number of copies............... 166 Preamble former invocation designation of the plenipotentiaries clause as to ratification concluding formula......... 167 Language used..................... 169 Use of the alternat..................... 172 Various parts of a treaty of peace............... 173 General, special, miscellaneous, secret, additional articles...... 174 Order of clauses suggested............... 179 Interpretation..................... 180 Arbitration clause.................. 183
x CHAPTER VII PAOB THE TREATY OF PEACE GENERAL PRINCIPLES (continued). DATB OF PBACB. RATIFICATION. MEANS OF ENSURING PERFORMANCB... 185 Date of peace necessary distinctions............ 185 Cessation of hostilities............... 186 Effect of signature............... 188 Date of notice to armed forces............ 190 Clause specifying date............... 191 Sometimes future date fixed............ 192 Date of operation of other clauses............ 194 If no date is specified.................. 198 Ratification.................. 198 When ratification not necessary......... 201 Refusal to ratify............... 201 Place and time of exchange of ratifications......... 203 Breach of treaty..................... 205 Means of ensuring performance: oath ; hostages ; pledge ; guarantee by third States; military occupation............... 207 Examples..................... 210 CHAPTER VIII THE TREATY OF PEACE. MAIN CLAUSES AND EFFECTS......... 214 General clauses: Cessation of hostilities and restoration of peace......... 214 Treaties of peace as final and " permanent "......... 214 Effect of establishment of peace............... 216 Captures after conclusion of peace............ 218 Adjudication after peace of captures made during the war...... 219 Resumption of diplomatic intercourse, etc............. 220 Restoration of territory, etc.................. 221 Utipotsidetis..................... 221 Statui quo ante bellum.................. 222 Examples..................... 223 Condition of territories restored............... 227 Restoration of movable property............... 229 Postliminium..................... 230 CHAPTER IX THE TREATY OF PEACE. MAIN CLAUSES AND EFFECTS (continued)... 233 General clauses (continued): Restoration of prisoners of war............... 233 Collective delivery.................. 234 When restoration to begin............... 235 Liberation to be unconditional............... 236 Cost of maintenance.................. 236 May prisoners be detained for debts?............ 238 May prisoners be detained for disciplinary offences?...... 239 Offences against the common law............ 241 Details regulated by special conventions............ 241 Amnesty........................ 243 Implied, if not expressly provided for............ 244 Partial amnesty.................. 244 General amnesty.................. 246 Restrictions on.................. 247 Amnesty provision really superfluous and illogical......... 249
xi PAOB Bevival or annulment of treaties............... 250 Views of writers.................. 251 Judioial pronouncements............... 252 Practice of States.................. 254 Various examples.................. 255 Bules applicable.................. 265 General conclusions submitted............ 266 CHAPTER X THB TREATY OF PEACB. MAIN CLAUSES AND EFFECTS (continued)... 269 Special clauses: War indemnity..................... 269 When none imposed or equivalent demanded......... 270 Increasing practice in modern times............ 272 Examples of imposition of indemnities............ 272 Examples in which no indemnity stipulated......... 277 Cession of territory.................. 277 How cession may be effected............... 278 Title to cede territory...... 278 De facto and de jure sovereignty............... 279 Sometimes compensation offered............... 280 Delimitation commission............... 280 Aot of delivery..................... 281 Cession and plebiscite.................. 282 Instances of plebiscites............... 282 Examples of cessions.................. 285 CHAPTER XI EFFECT OF CESSION. STATE SUCCESSION : NATIONALITY... 290 State succession significance............... 290 Nationality............... 291 Sometimes stipulated that nationality not to be affected...... 292 Operation of treaty difference between subjects and oitizens... 292 What persons should be vested with the new nationality...... 293 Practice of option.................. 294 Who may opt.................. 295 Married women and minors........... 298 Period of option.................. 299 Mode of exeroising the option............ 300 CHAPTER XII EFFECT OF CESSION. STATE SUCCESSION : TREATIES. PUBLIC LAW AND ADMINISTRATION............... 308 Treaties.................. 302 Between cessionary and oeded State............ 303 Between ceding State and third parties............ 303 Between cessionary and third parties............ 303 Relating to the annexed territory......... 303 Exception to rule of dissolution............... 305
PAOE (H) Treaty of Prague. Aug. 23, 1866. Austria Prussia......... 368 (I) Treaty of Vienna. Oct. 3, 1866. Austria Italy............ 374 (J) Preliminaries of Versailles. Feb. 26, 1871. France Germany...... 380 (K) Treaty of Frankfort. May 10,1871. France Germany......... 384 (L) Additional Convention. Dec. 11, 1871. France Germany...... 390 (M) Preliminaries of San Stefano, Feb. 19/Mar. 3, 1878. Russia Turkey... 392 (N) Treaty of Constantinople. Jan. 27/Feb. 8, 1879. Russia Turkey...... 403 (0) Protocol. Constantinople, Jan. 27/Feb. 8, 1879. Russia Turkey...... 406 (P) Arbitration Agreement. Constantinople, July 22/Aug. 4,1910. Russia Turkey 408 (Q) Treaty of Lima. June 12, 1883. Spain Chile 412 (B) Treaty of Shimonoseki. April 17,1895. China Japan......... 413 (S) Treaty of Paris. Dec. 10, 1898. United States Spain......... 418 (T) Peace of Vereeniging. May 31, 1902. Surrender of the Boers to Great Britain 423 (U) Treaty of Portsmouth. Sept. 5,1905. Russia Japan......... 425 (V) Treaty of Lausanne. Oct. 18,1912. Italy Turkey......... 430 (W) Treaty of London. May 17/30, 1913. Turkey Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro........................ 434 (X) Treaty of Bucharest. July 28/Aug. 10, 1913. Bulgaria Roumania, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia..................... 436 (Y) Treaty of Constantinople. Sept. 16/29,1913. Turkey Bulgaria...... 440 (Z) Treaty of Athens. Nov. 1/14, 1913. Turkey Greece......... 450 xiii INDEX OF SUBJECT-HATTER.................. 455 INDEX OF TREATIES, PRELIMINARIES OF PEACE, CONFERENCES, AND CONGRESSES... 473