Children of International Migrants in Europe
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Children of International Migrants in Europe Comparative Perspectives Roger Penn & Paul Lambert
Roger Penn & Paul Lambert 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-01879-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-28502-0 ISBN 978-0-230-23460-4 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230234604 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
To: Cath, Jack and Susie (Paul) To: Mary, Michael, Sarah and Madeleine (Roger) Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita Dante Alighieri: Inferno
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Contents List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgements viii x xii Introduction 1 1 The EFFNATIS Project 4 2 Sociological Models of Immigrant Incorporation 23 3 International Migration to Britain, France and Germany 34 4 Theoretical Paradigms for the Sociological Analysis of Children of International Migrants 46 5 Linguistic Incorporation: Patterns of Language Use 53 6 Structural Incorporation: Education, Training and the Labour Market 73 7 Political and Religious Incorporation 97 8 Cultural Incorporation: Lifestyle, Media and Identity 111 9 Social Incorporation: Friendship and Marriage 124 10 Socio-cultural Exceptionalism: Arranged Marriages in Western Europe 144 11 Conclusions 154 Appendix: Details of the EFFNATIS Data 157 Notes 163 References 168 Author Index 191 Subject Index 197 vii
Tables 1.1 Achieved interviews from EFFNATIS surveys by ethnic/nationality group 6 5.1 Self-rated ability in writing host-country language (%) 71 6.1a Regression models for Britain: 1 4 87 6.1b Regression models for Britain: 5 7 88 6.2 Regression models for France: 1 5 90 6.3 Regression models for Germany: 1 5 92 7.1 Voting in the 1997 French legislative election in Vitry and Tours 98 7.2 Voting in the 1997 British general election in Rochdale and Blackburn 98 7.3 Membership of a political party 100 7.4 Party supported (Germany) 101 7.5 Party voted for in 1997 election (France) 101 7.6 Party supported (Britain) 102 7.7 Party that respondent would vote for, if there was an election tomorrow 102 7.8 Level of interest in politics 103 7.9 Interest in politics of parental country of origin 103 7.10 Percentage of sample knowing names of the political leaders by ethnic/nationality group 104 7.11 Ethnic/nationality group of respondent by religious affiliation 107 7.12 Attendance at a place of worship by ethnic/nationality group 108 7.13 Membership of religious associations/organisations by ethnic/nationality group 109 7.14 Importance of own religious festivals by ethnic/nationality group 109 8.1 Favourite food types reported by EFFNATIS respondents 114 8.2 Clothing preferences of British EFFNATIS respondents 116 8.3 Use of ethnic media among EFFNATIS respondents 119 8.4 Experiences of discrimination and racial abuse 120 viii
Tables ix 8.5 Perceptions and experiences of discrimination and racial abuse 121 9.1 Gender of first friend 127 9.2 Ethnicity of friends by ethnic/nationality group 127 9.3 Where first friend was met by ethnic/nationality group 129 9.4 Activities shared with friends in Germany and Britain by ethnic/nationality group 131 9.5 Activities shared with friends in France: First activity mentioned 132 9.6 Logistic regression models for the probability that both friends were from the same ethnic group as respondent 133 9.7 Marital/partnership status and age at marriage of respondents 137 9.8 Partner from a different ethnic/nationality group to respondent 138 9.9 Logistic regression models for the probability that partner is from the same ethnic/nationality group as respondent 140 10.1 Percentage ever married by country 148 10.2 Arranged marriages by ethnic/nationality group 149 10.3 Proportion of spouses who were a first cousin 149 10.4 Proportion of arranged marriages by level of GCSE results 150 10.5 Whether spouse or future spouse was a first cousin or more distant blood relative in Britain 150
Figures 1.1 Gender and age characteristics of EFFNATIS respondents 10 1.2 Citizenship and language use amongst EFFNATIS respondents 12 1.3 Religious affiliation amongst EFFNATIS respondents 13 1.4 Harmonised occupational/educational measures 15 2.1 Classic assimilation 26 2.2 Ethnic exclusion 28 2.3 Ethnic incorporation 29 2.4 Ethnic enclave 30 2.5 Ethnic enclave with a glass ceiling 30 2.6 Segmented assimilation 31 2.7 Transnationalism 31 2.8 Segmented transnationalism 31 2.9 Hybridity 32 5.1a Non-host language use in Britain 66 5.1b Non-host language use in France 67 5.1c Language used with mother in Germany 68 5.2 Proportions using non-host language by extent of use 69 6.1a Harmonised measures for Britain 75 6.1b Britain: Local measures 76 6.1c Occupations of parents and children in Britain 77 6.2a Harmonised measures for France 79 6.2b France: Local measures I 80 6.2c France: Local measures II 81 6.3a Harmonised measures for Germany 83 6.3b Germany: Local measures 84 6.4a Correlations with educational track by ethnic/nationality group 85 6.4b Correlations with educational level by ethnic/nationality group 86 8.1 Food and drink preferences for the British sample and German allochthons 115 x
Figures xi 8.2 Social activities amongst EFFNATIS respondents 117 8.3 Patterns of consumption of ethnic media 118 8.4 Patterns of national identification among EFFNATIS respondents 122 9.1 Summary of determinants of ethnically homogenous friendship and partnership patterns 142
Acknowledgements The EFFNATIS Research was funded by the European Union. Our thanks go to our colleagues on the project for their help with constructing the questionnaires and especially to Harald Lederer, Emmanuel Peignard and Susanne Worbs. We would also like to thank our Commissioning Editor, Philippa Grand, and her Editorial Assistant, Olivia Middleton at Palgrave Macmillan for their patience and encouragement with this book. Roger would like to thank the members of the Sociology Department at UCLA who encouraged us to persevere with this endeavour and in particular Roger Waldinger, Ivan Light and Ruben Hernandez-Leon who allowed him to sit in on their courses and offered their support. Thanks also to Harold Garfinkel and Mel Pollner for their kindness and interest in this research. It was with great sadness that we learnt of the death of Mel last year. Our gratitude goes to Mary for her help with preparing the manuscript, to Damon for his help with the proofs and to Brenda for coming to the rescue with her printer! xii