Popula'on
Basic Terms Demography Immigra'on Emigra'on Ecumene Non- Ecumene
Basic Terms Demography- Study of human popula'on Immigra'on- people coming into a country Emigra'on- people leaving a country Ecumene- part of earth where people can live
Popula'on Equa'on TOTAL POPULATION Current Popula'on + Births Deaths + Immigra'on - Emigra'on
Popula'on Density Arithme'c Physiological Agricultural
Arithme'c Total popula'on divided by total land area
Physiological Number of people divided by arable land
Agricultural Number of farmers divided by arable land
The S- Curve
Carrying Capacity How many people can the land support? Varies from place to place Technology, wealth, climate, resources Overpopula,on occurs when a region s popula'on outgrows its carrying capacity.
Popula'on Pyramids Age- sex structures Age group = cohorts
Thomas Malthus 1798- Bri'sh theorist Global popula'on grows geometrically Food supply grows arithme,cally Said we need to have checks to control popula'on growth Birth control & celibacy (posi've) War and famine (nega've)
Malthus- what proved him wrong? 2 nd Industrial Revolu'on Well, the 2 nd Agricultural Revolu'on! (and the 3 rd ) GMOs Improved fer'liza'on Modern farming equipment
Ester Boserup Said overpopula'on could be fixed by increasing subsistence farming
Neo- Malthusians Focuses on carrying capaci'es from place to place rather than the en're world
Major Popula'on Concentra'ons
East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe North America
Demographer s toolbox CBR CDR IMR Life expectancy TFR ZPG NIR
Demographer s toolbox Crude Birth Rate: live births per 1,000 people in one year CDR IMR Life expectancy TFR ZPG NIR
Demographer s toolbox CBR Crude Death Rate: number of death s per 1,000 people in a year IMR Life expectancy TFR ZPG NIR
Demographer s toolbox CBR CDR Infant Mortality Rate: number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births. (die before their first birthday) Life expectancy TFR ZPG NIR
Demographer s toolbox CBR CDR IMR Life expectancy- how many years you live TFR ZPG NIR
Demographer s toolbox CBR CDR IMR Life expectancy Total Fer,lity Rate: number of births per 1,000 women who can have babies ZPG NIR
Demographer s toolbox CBR CDR IMR Life expectancy FR Zero Popula,on Growth: popula'on size remains the same NIR
Demographer s toolbox CBR CDR IMR Life expectancy TFR ZPG Natural Increase Rate: CBR CDR Doesn t include migra,on
Doubling Time Number of years it will take for a country to double in popula'on size
Popula'on Policies Pronatalist policies- have more babies! Russia & Italy Eugenic popula,on policies Only certain people can have babies An,natalist popula,on policies Restrict popula'on growth China s one child policy
Demographic Transi'on Model Used to explain and predict changes in birth, death, and NIR in countries as they mature
LOW GROWTH HIGH GROWTH MODERATE GROWTH LOW GROWTH Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
LOW GROWTH HIGH GROWTH MODERATE GROWTH LOW GROWTH Stage 1 High CBR High CDR Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Disease, famine, war Subsistence farming ; no industry
LOW GROWTH HIGH GROWTH MODERATE GROWTH LOW GROWTH Stage 1 Stage 2 High CBR Declining CDR Stage 3 Stage 4 New health care and technology, more food Industrial Revolu,on
Stage 1 LOW GROWTH Stage 2 HIGH GROWTH Stage 3 MODERATE GROWTH Declining CBR NIR decreasing, but popula'on s'll increasing Stage 4 LOW GROWTH People having less children because they are living in ci,es
LOW GROWTH HIGH GROWTH MODERATE GROWTH LOW GROWTH Low CBR Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Low CDR Low NIR Zero Popula'on Growth
Stage 5? If added, would show nega've popula'on growth. Beyond the post- industrial society
Migra'on
Migra'on Permanent movement to a new loca'on IMMI- entering EMI- leaving Push and Pull Factors influence where people move Voluntary Forced (refugees)
Ravenstein s Laws of Migra'on 1885- Bri'sh demographer studied internal migra,on 1. Most immigrants move a short distance 2. Migrants who move longer distances move to ci,es 3. Migra,on flows produce counter flows 4. Families are less likely to make interna,onal moves; young male adults more likely
Ravenstein s Laws of Migra'on 1. Most immigrants move a short distance Distance decay, step migra1on, intervening opportunity 2. Migrants who move longer distances move to ci,es 3. Migra,on flows produce counter flows 4. Families are less likely to make interna,onal moves; young male adults more likely 5. Rural residents more likely to migrate than urban residents
Gravity Model Observa'ons based on Newton s law of universal gravita'on: 1. Interac'on between urban centers can be calculated by size & distance 2. Large ci'es have greater drawing power for individuals than do small ones
Largest Flows From Asia to Europe Major Migra'ons From Asia to North America From South America to North America
Migra'on from Asia to the U.S. Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
Migra'on from La'n America to the U.S. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.
Refugees
US Waves of immigra'on 1. colonial era 2. emigra'on from Europe 1840s and 1850s= Irish and Germans Late 1800s = N and W Europe 1900s = S and E Europe 3. Amer WWII (1945) Asian to USA La'n America to USA
Internal Migra'on USA Interregional migra'on Moving from one region to another Intraregional migra'on Moving within a region hnp://pewsocialtrends.org/2008/12/17/u- s- migra'on- flows/
U.S. States as Immigrant Des'na'ons Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.
Center of Popula'on in the U.S. Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.
Interregional Migra'on in the U.S. Fig. 3-13: Average annual migra'ons between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003
U.S. Interregional Migra'on, 1995
U.S. Interregional Migra'on, 2003
Other terms to know Brain drain Step migra'on Chain migra'on Intervening opportunity
Intraregional Migra'on in the U.S. Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.
Net Migra'on by County, 2000-04 Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains
Short Term Local Movements Cyclic movement Seasonal movement Periodic movement Transhumance