WHAT WAS THE 1950 S LIKE IF YOU WEREN T WHITE OR MIDDLE CLASS?

WHAT WAS THE 1950 S LIKE IF YOU WEREN T WHITE OR MIDDLE CLASS?

Immigration and Migration The other America Immigrants left in cities, often poor Immigration changes Ended Chinese Exclusion Act (1943) McCarran-Walter Act (1952) ended Japanese, Korean, and Asian exclusion War Brides Act allowed entrance of foreign brides and children

Immigration and Migration Most Asian immigrants from Philippines, China, and Korea Fear of Europeans fleeing Europe Displaced Persons Act (1948) Allowed 415,000 to enter (based on potential persecution) Latino immigration Over 700,000 Mexicans Many through bracero program Over 600,000 Puerto Ricans Not subject to immigration; most to New York City Over 200,000 Cubans Most due to revolution; most to South Florida

Immigration and Migration Many southern blacks migrated to northern and western cities Economic opportunities Changes in southern farming Cotton production dropped Development of synthetic fibers Mechanization of farming Many lived in slums (ghetto)

Immigration and Migration Indian Reorganization Act (1953) Government out of Indian affairs Push for conformity Back to Dawes Severalty Act? Encouraged movement to cities Terminated many tribal rights and reservations Ended in 1958

Immigration and Migration Impact? Suburbs? inner cities? Developers? housing projects = the projects Lack of services Increase in crime

North Civil Rights Protests in the 1950 s and early 1960 s De facto segregation Segregation by custom or practice South De jure segregation Segregation by law Which is easier to fight? Five reasons why movement picks up steam

Civil Rights Protests in the 1950 s and early 1960 s Black urbanization easier to organize Religious faith God will protect Ministers (like King) often leaders Constitutional rights Constitution should protect WWII: to defend Constitution Media coverage People see what s going on (TV) African independence End of WWII = end of colonialism African countries free

Civil Rights Protests in the 1950 s and early 1960 s How did we get here? 13th Amendment (1865) 14 th Amendment (1868) 15 th Amendment (1869) Jim Crow Laws Civil Rights Act of 1875 Ruled unconstitutional by Supreme Court (1893) Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

Brown vs. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas) 1954 Linda Brown Black, lived by white school Forced to go to black school National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed case Chief attorney: Thurgood Marshall

Brown vs. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas) 1954

Brown vs. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas) 1954 Court finds for Linda Brown Opinion by Chief Justice Earl Warren separate is inherently unequal Creates a sense of inferiority Decision implemented with all deliberate speed Problem? Beginning of other cases

Brown vs. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas) 1954 White Southern reaction? Congress 101 members sign Southern Manifesto clear abuse of judicial power South White Citizens Councils Block integration and other laws Resurgence of the Klan terror and intimidation

Killing of Emmitt Till From Chicago; visiting relatives in Mississippi (summer 1955) Killed for talking to white woman Mother insisted on open casket funeral Roy Bryant and J.W. Minam acquitted but later admitted it How will it contribute to the movement?

The Little Rock Nine Up to Eisenhower to enforce Doesn t want to rock the boat Nine black students at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus vs. President Eisenhower http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= RGjNqrQBUno

The Little Rock Nine

The Montgomery Bus Boycott December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up bus seat Martin Luther King, Jr. leads Follower of Gandhi; believed in non-violence boycott of Montgomery city busses

The Montgomery Bus Boycott 381 days blacks walked/carpooled Economic boycott Bus company & businesses lost money Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional (1956) boycott ended King and Ralph Abernathy found Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) King becomes national figure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4i0k0o3 po0

Civil Rights Groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Roy Wilkins Focus: use legal system to battle segregation SCLC Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) James Farmer Focus: action to stop segregation Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Ella Baker Similar to SCLC; founded for college students

Civil Rights Issues Greensboro Sit Ins Freedom Riders James Meredith Birmingham March on Washington Freedom Summer Civil Rights Act of 1964 March on Selma Voting Rights Act of 1965 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Militancy in the Civil Rights Movement

Greensboro Sit-ins February 1, 1960 Four black students sit at whites only lunch counter Won t leave until served Protesting Woolworth s selling goods but not serving at lunch counters

Greensboro Sit-ins Continued sit-ins Taught non-violence Desegregated lunch counters (over 126 southern cities)

Freedom Riders Rode interstate busses throughout south Supreme Court had ruled interstate segregation illegal Applied to busses, waiting rooms, bathrooms, etc. Attacked by KKK in Anniston, Alabama Beaten in Montgomery and Birmingham

Freedom Riders Governor refused to help Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals South made changes

Denied admission to University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) Courts supported Meredith Governor Ross Barnett refused Kennedy sent troops Meredith admitted James Meredith

Known for violence; Bombingham Blacks picketing department stores Police Chief Eugene Bull Connor aimed to stop protestors Birmingham

Birmingham Connor jailed King Protests continued with children Connor responded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =joc3crl6x4e Meanwhile in Mississippi... NAACP state chairman Medgar Evers murdered in driveway

Birmingham Kennedy forced to act http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =RWX_pjyIq-g Back in Birmingham... 16 th Street Baptist Church bombed (in September) Four girls (age 11-14) killed; 22 injured

Birmingham Thomas Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry found guilty in 2001 for the bombing Byron de la Beckwith was found guilty in 1994 for the murder of Medgar Evers Movie Ghosts of Mississippi

March on Washington A. Philip Randolph in 1941 August 28, 1963 250,000 at Lincoln Memorial I Have a Dream King: Nobel Peace Prize (1964) Led to Civil Rights Act of 1964

March on Washington

Freedom Summer Focus: voting rights Northerners (many white) did registering Created Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Violence followed Three members of CORE Michael Schwerner, James Cheney, and Andrew Goodman disappeared

Freedom Summer Bodies found six weeks later buried in a dam Klan was responsible; no conviction 2005: Edgar Ray Killen convicted; sentenced 60 years Movie Mississippi Burning Led to Voting Rights Act of 1965

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed June 1964 Southern senators tried to filibuster Outlawed discrimination in employment based on Race Religion National origin Sex Outlawed discrimination in public places Government could withhold funds Could appeal to Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

March on Selma Protest lack of voting rights: march from Selma, Alabama to capitol (Montgomery) Governor George Wallace prohibits march; turns Alabama State Troopers on marchers Second march organized (with Martin Luther King); President Johnson federalizes Alabama National Guard for protection Selma March Leads to Voting Rights Act of 1965

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed August 6, 1965 Outlawed literacy tests Outlawed grandfather clauses Poll taxes prohibited by 24 th Amendment (1964) Impact?

Civil Rights Act of 1968 Prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing Based on Race Religion National origin Gender (1974) Disability (1988) Families with children (1988) Signed one week after King s assassination

Militancy in the Civil Rights Movement Black Separatism Nation of Islam Malcolm X Black Power Black Panthers Violence in the cities Assassination of Martin Luther King Legacy of Civil Rights

Black Separatism De jure segregation solved De facto still a problem Speed of change coming too slow Many repudiated non-violence of King

Nation of Islam Set up in 1930 s Led by Elijah Muhammad Promoted black separation, black pride, unity, and self-help Popular members Malcolm X Muhammad Ali http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=uedbcmg3iu4

Born Malcolm Little Malcolm X Converted to Islam in prison Prominent spokesman for Nation of Islam Led to break with Elijah Muhammad

Malcolm X Pilgrimage to Mecca (1964) Felt views too extreme Began to see King s views Assassinated in 1965 https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=eqjmzzus38w

CORE and SNCC began to move away from non-violence Phrase coined by Stokely Carmichael (head of SNCC) Focus on black pride and self-reliance Black Power

Black Power S A L U T E

Black Panthers Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale (Oakland) Armed to protect against police brutality Also provided necessary services for inner-city people

Black Panthers

Violence in northern cities Bulk of riots: Economic inequity De facto segregation Violence in the Cities

Johnson created Kerner Commission Conclusions: Violence in the Cities America creating two societies Whites created it Whites support it

Assassination of Martin Luther King King in Memphis supporting striking sanitation workers April 4, 1968 Violence erupts

Assassination of Martin Luther King

Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement Political success Segregation ends Civil Rights Acts Voting Rights Act Economic failure? Poverty still a major problem Social failure? Blacks still not having basic needs met Riots

Other Social Movements Mexican-Americans Native Americans Feminism Gay rights Student Movement Environmental Movement Women s Rights Movement (ERA)

Mexican-Americans Focus on economic organization Became political in 60 s Mexican-American Political Association (MAPA) Mexican-Americans elected to Congress Young wanted more Created term Chicano Celebrated Mexican-American culture Created political party La Raza United (The United Race) Supported politicians Pushed for bilingual education Militants known as Brown Berets (like Black Panthers)

Mexican-Americans Cesar Chavez Organized United Farm Workers (UFW) 1965 Grape pickers strike Organized boycott Supported by AFL-CIO Martin Luther King, Jr. Robert Kennedy Hunger strike in 1968 Grape growers acknowledged union in 1970

More militant Native Americans Now Native Americans not Indians 1961 Declaration of Indian Purpose 1968 American Indian Movement (AIM) Poverty in cities Militant like Black Panthers

Native Americans Took Alcatraz Island (1969) Offered government $24 Stayed until 1971 Occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs building in Washington in 1972

Native Americans February 1973: Wounded Knee Reaction to killing of Sioux Took eleven hostages Gun fight with FBI End of siege Actions did lead to changes from government

Increase in Women going to college Women working Divorce rate Decrease in Feminism Birth rate (invention of the pill )

Feminism Kennedy: Presidential Commission on Status of Women Discrimination in education & workplace The Feminine Mystique Is this all? National Organization for Women Organized in 1966 Initially militant like Black Panthers

Feminism Impact of NOW Equal Pay Act Fought sex discrimination Feminist movement Individualized Militant Abortion rights

Gay Rights Movement Homosexuality illegal in most states Gays went underground Stonewall riots 1969 Gays fought back against police Became political active

Student Movement Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Port Huron Statement (1962) Written by Tom Hayden Called themselves the New Left

Goals of the SDS Anti-bureaucracy Anti-Cold War Student Movement More political power More control within the university End in loco parentis (in the place of the parent)

Student Movement Hotbed: Bay Area Cal-Berkeley, Stanford Mario Savio Challenged university on Student rights Academic rights Poverty near university Actions Sit ins Took over administration buildings

Environmental Movement Two goals Use of resources rights of nature Mainstream Clean air and water Standard of living Radical Protests Making political statements

Environmental Movement Silent Spring Written by Rachel Carson in 1962 Showed the environmental impact of DDT Pushed the environmental movement

Environmental Movement Two disasters Love Canal Abnormally high rates of cancer, birth defects, etc. Discovered it had been built on a toxic waste dump Government paid to relocate residents Private companies settled lawsuits

Environmental Movement Two disasters Three Mile Island Nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania A reactor meltdown was narrowly averted End of large scale push for nuclear power Many of the environmental problems were tied to weapons development during the Cold War

Women s Movement Gains Title IX Women in Congress Equal Credit Opportunity Roe vs. Wade Equal Rights Amendment Passed Congress in 1972 Can t deny rights based on sex Not all women wanted it

Women s Movement Phyllis Schlafly Stop ERA campaign Preserve traditional gender roles Fear women would get drafted, homosexual marriages, etc. Needed 75% of states to ratify (38) By 1982 only 35 had ratified

WHAT IMPACT DID THE DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS HAVE?