Preface... Introduction... Cases... iii xi xxv Chapter 1 Torts and Law Enforcement Officials... 1 1A) STRIP SEARCHES... 1 General... 1 Strip Searches and Damages... 4 Sentencing of Law Enforcement Officials for Illegal Strip Search... 7 1B) SEXUAL ASSAULT BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIAL... 10 General... 10 Sexual Assault and Damages... 12 Sexual Assault and Sentencing... 13 1C) PHYSICAL ASSAULT BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS... 15 General... 15 Tasers and the Use of Force... 17 Use of Physical Force... 19 Police Tactial Team... 26 Police Dogs... 28 Customs/Immigration Officials Use of Force... 29 1D) NEGLIGENGE... 30 General... 30 Police Fatality... 35 Negligence and Victim of Sexual Assault: Special Relationship of Proximity... 41 Negligence and Victim of General Assault: No Special Relationship of Proximity... 43 Negligent Investigation... 47 Negligence, Arrest and Investigative Detention... 53 Negligence and Victim of Domestic Violence... 54 Negligence and Limitation Period... 58 xxv
xxvi 1E) MISFEASANCE IN PUBLIC OFFICE... 61 1F) MALICIOUS PROSECUTION/FALSE IMPRISONMENT... 63 General... 63 (i) Distinguishing False Imprisonment from Malicious prosecution... 63 False Imprisonment... 65 Malicious Prosecution... 66 Limitation Defence... 71 False Imprisonment... 72 Malicious Prosecution... 78 Motion to Strike Claim Alleging Malicious Prosecution... 85 (i) Cases where motion to strike claim was dismissed... 85 (ii) Cases where Motion to strike claim was granted... 89 1G) DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS... 92 General Overview of Legislation for Police Disciplinary Proceedings... 92 Disclosure in General... 102 Disclosure of Police Personnel File in Criminal Proceedings... 104 Disclosure of Police Personnel File in Human Rights Proceedings... 107 Disclosure of Police Personnel File in Civil Action... 111 Complaints of Police Misconduct... 115 Overlap: Complaints of Procedure versus Statement of Claim... 131 Complaint of Police Cover-up... 136 Strip Searches and Disciplinary Proceedings... 139 1H) CHARTER REMEDY... 140 Abbreviated Charter Provisions... 140 Criminal Code... 140 General... 141 (i) Civil Law proceedings... 141 (ii) Criminal Law proceedings... 142 Strip Searches and Stays in Criminal Proceedings... 145
xxvii Use of Force, Other Stays and Reduced Sentencing in Criminal Law Proceedings for Charter Breach... 153 Damages for a Charter Breach... 163 Chapter 2 Torts in Sports... 175 GENERAL... 175 Common Law Negligence in Sport... 175 Vicarious Liability in Sport... 177 Liability of Instructors/Coaches... 179 Waivers and Releases... 179 School Sports Program... 183 Waivers and Minors... 186 Social Host Liability... 186 Sports Equipment Manufacturer... 188 Contributory Negligence... 188 Owner/Occupier Liability... 190 2A) LIABILITY OF PROVINCE/MUNICIPALITY... 193 Sexual Abuse in Sports... 193 Swimming... 198 (i) Open Water Swimming... 198 (ii) Swimming pools... 201 Recreational Trails... 205 (i) Cross-country Skiier... 205 (ii) Cyclist... 206 Archery Range... 211 Skateboard Park... 214 Cycling and Roads... 216 Baseball... 217 Exercise Equipment... 219 2B) LIABILITY OF SPORTS GOVERNING BODIES... 221 Lacrosse League/Association... 221 Hockey... 222 Basketball... 225 2C) LIABILITY OF CLUBS... 225 Ski Club... 225 Golf Club... 228 Scuba Diving Club... 233
xxviii Jockey Club... 235 2D) LIABILITY OF COACHES/ INSTRUCTORS... 236 Hockey... 236 Martial Arts... 238 Rock Climbing... 239 Horse Riding... 240 In-line Skating... 241 Track Team Coach... 245 2E) LIABILITY IN SCHOOL SPORTS PROGRAM... 245 Universities/Colleges... 245 Elementary and High School Sports... 251 2F) LIABILITY FOR MINORS... 264 Martial Arts School... 264 2G) LIABILITY OF PARTICIPANTS TOWARDS EACH OTHER... 265 Hockey... 265 Golf... 274 Rugby... 277 2H) LIABILITY TOWARDS SPECTATORS... 279 Baseball Spectator... 279 Golf Spectator... 281 Lacrosse... 282 2I) LIABILITY OF LANDOWNER... 284 Vacant Land... 284 Homeowner... 287 2J) LIABILITY OF SPORTS EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER... 288 Hockey Equipment... 288 Swing Apparatus... 293 2K) LIABILITY OF RECREATIONAL FACILITY... 295 Baseball Complex... 295 2L) LIABILITY OF ADVENTURE COMPANY/CAMPS/ PRIVATELY RUN FACILITIES... 297 Canoe Trip... 297 Zip Line... 298
xxix Camp... 299 All Terrain Vehicle... 300 Horse Stables... 301 2M) LIABILITY OF PARKS CANADA... 302 Chapter 3: Workplace Torts... 305 GENERAL... 305 Work related statutes... 305 Vicarious Liability... 309 Human Rights Law... 310 Employment Law... 312 3A) PHYSICAL HARM... 320 Proper Forum... 320 Work Related Statutes: Rights to Sue... 321 Vicarious Liability... 327 3B) SEXUAL ASSAULT/SEXUAL HARRASSMENT... 329 General... 329 Worker Related Statutes: Right to Sue... 330 Collective Agreement: The Right to Sue... 333 Human Rights Tribunal: The Right to Sue... 337 Human Rights Tribunal: Text Messaging... 343 Human Rights Tribunal: Reprisals by Employer... 345 Human Rights Tribunal: Mental Anguish and Sexual Harrassment... 361 Employment Law: Damages for Wrongful Dismissal and Internet Pornography... 366 Arbitration Board: Sexual Harassment, Physical Contact... 376 Employment Law: Damages for Wrongful Dismissal for Sexual Harassment and Physical Conduct... 378 Employment Law: Damages for Wrongful Dismissal for Sexual Harassment and Non-Physical Contact... 385 Employment Law: Damages for Constructive Dismissal... 395 Sexual Harassment: Disciplinary Proceedings... 399 Civil Claim for Damages for Sexual Assault... 400 Sexual Relationships between Co-Workers... 403
xxx 3C) MENTAL SUFFERING/EMOTIONAL DISTRESS (BULLYING)... 403 General... 403 Worker Related Statutes: The Right to Sue... 409 3D) DEFAMATION... 418 Chapter 4: Public Torts... 425 GENERAL PRINCIPLES... 425 General (Non-pecuniary) Damages... 425 Pecuniary Damages: The Causal Link... 426 Pecuniary Damages: Distinction between Loss of Earning Capacity and Lost Future Income :... 429 Past Wage Loss... 431 Punitive Damages... 431 Multiple Tortuous Causes... 432 Lump-Sum Damages vs. Structured Settlements... 433 Vicarious Liability... 433 The Discoverability Principle... 434 Breach of Fiduciary Duty... 435 Factors Considered in Quantification of Damages... 435 Deduction:... 436 Assessment of Non-pecuniary damages:... 436 Future loss assessment:... 436 Past loss of income assessment... 436 Cost of future care... 437 Fixed amount for Punitive Damages... 437 Aggravated damages... 437 4A) STALKING/BATTERY/ ASSAULT... 438 STALKING... 438 General... 438 Case Law... 439 BATTERY AND ASSAULT... 441 General... 441 Case Law... 442 (i) Battery... 442 (ii) Assault... 444 Quantifying Damages... 445
xxxi Affect of Criminal Guilty Plea... 454 False imprisonment, assault, intentional infliction of nervous shock... 456 Self-defence, Provocation... 458 Vicarious Liability, Occupier s Liability... 471 Insurance Company Duty... 476 4B) DEFAMATION... 478 General... 478 (i) Defamation: Defined... 478 Defamation Defences... 482 Quantifying Damages... 487 (i) General Damages... 487 (ii) Aggravated Damages... 490 (iii) Punitive Damages... 491 Statutory Breach and Defamation... 494 Defamation and Intentional Infliction of Mental Suffering... 494 Defamation and Misfeasance in Public Office... 495 CASE LAW... 495 Libellous Statements about Non-Professionals... 495 Libellous Statements about Professionals... 497 Slanderous Statements about Non-Professionals... 500 Defence of Fair Comment... 505 Breach of Public Office... 506 4C) INTERNET DEFAMATION... 507 General... 507 Applicability to Blogs... 509 Injunctions... 509 Statutory Breach... 510 CASE LAW... 511 Corporations... 511 Non-Professional Context... 515 Professional Context... 522 Production of Identity of Anonymous Defendants... 540 4D) INVASION OF PRIVACY... 541 General... 541 Case Law... 542
xxxii 4E) SCHOOL AGE CYBERBULLYING... 550 4F) SCHOOL BASED TORTS... 553 General... 553 CASE LAW... 557 Assault by Teacher against Student... 557 School s Statutory Reporting Obligation... 567 Assault by Student Against Student... 570 Student Suicide... 575 Criminal Court Proceedings and School Violence... 576 Defamation, Breach of Contract and Mental Distress... 579 School Disciplinary Proceedings... 581 Human Rights Tribunal... 589 4G) MALICIOUS PROSECUTION, INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF MENTAL SHOCK, HARRASSMENT... 589 4H) TORTS INVOLVING MINORS... 592 Index... 601