FROM CIVILIAN POWER TO SUPERPOWER?

FROM CIVILIAN POWER TO SUPERPOWER?

Also by Richard G. Whitman and from the same publishers RETHINKING THE EUROPEAN UNION: Institutions, Interests and Identities (edited with Alice Landau)

From Civilian Power to Superpower? The International Identity of the European Union Richard G. Whitman Lecturer in International Relations and Diplomacy Jean Monnet Lecturer in European Union Studies University of Westminster London

First published in Great Britain 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-40181-9 ISBN 978-0-230-37595-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230375956 First published in the United States of America 1998 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-21030-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whitman, Richard. From civilian power to superpower? : the international identity of the European Union I Richard G. Whitman. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21030-4 (cloth) I. European Union. 2. European Union countries-politics and government. 3. European Union countries-foreign relations. 4. European Union countries-international status. I. Title. KJE947.W46 1998 34!.242'2-DC21 97-22740 CIP Richard G. Whitman 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 978-0-333-69477-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 3 2 I ()() 99 98

Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements Chapter I Defining International Identity vi viii X 1 PART I: Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Identifying the International Identity The Development of the Framework of the International Identity: ( 1) External Relations 27 The Development of the Framework of the International Identity: (2) From EPC to CFSP 73 PART II: Chapter 4 The Facets and Sources of Influence on the International Identity The External Sources of Influence: The European Union in the International System 107 Chapter 5 The Legal Dimension as a Source of Influence 157 Chapter 6 The Integrative and Member State Sources 185 Chapter 7 The European Parliament: Source and Identity 211 Chapter 8 Conclusion 233 Index 244 v

List of Figures and Tables FIGURES 1.1 The identity construction system 16 1.2 The implementation instruments of the international identity of the European Union 19 2.1 EC financial aid to developing countries 65 3.1 CFSP Declarations from November 1993 to December 1994 by region 96 4.1 Shares of world exports 121 4.2 Trade in goods and services as a percentage ofgdp 122 4.3 The big three trade and invest most with one another 123 4.4 External merchandise by region (EU12) 125 4.5 The EU preferential trade system, early 1995 126 5.1 The assent legislative procedure for international Agreements 171 5.2 The co-operation legislative procedure 173 5.3 The consultation legislative procedure for international agreements 174 7.1 The co-decision procedure for legislation 214 TABLES 2. I Anti-dumping actions, I 990-I 994 57 2.2 Lome IV: development expenditure, 1993 63 4.1 The relative capabilities of the European Union 114 4.2 The membership of EU Member States and the Commission in selected international organisations 1 I 5 4.3 The voting patterns of EU Member States in the UN General Assembly, 1981-1991 118 4.4 Official gross reserves of convertible currencies and special drawing rights 128 4.5 International Monetary Fund positions, 1992-1993 129 4.6 The Defence budget and active armed forces of the EU (15) in contrast to the US, Japan, China and Russia 135 vi

List of Figures and Tables vii 6.1 Public attitudes towards the unification of Western Europe 190 6.2 Public attitudes towards the scrapping of the European Community 191 6.3 Attitudes towards a common defence policy and a common foreign policy 192 7.1 The sources of European Union budget revenue, 1993-1994 216 7.2 The General EU budget, 1994 appropriations 217

List of Abbreviations ACP ALA APEC A SEAN BIS CAP CCP CCT CEDP CET CFSP CIS CJTF COMECON COREPER CSCE DG EAEC EBRD EC ECJ ECMM ECSC ecu EDC EDF EEA EEC EFTA EIB ElM EMU EP EPC EPU ERM African, Caribbean and Pacific states Asia and Latin America countries Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Association of South-East Asian Nations Bank of International Settlements Common Agricultural Policy Common Commercial Policy Common Customs Tariff Common European Defence Policy Common External Tariff Common Foreign and Security Policy Commonwealth of Independent States Combined Joint Task Forces Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Committee of the Permanent Representatives Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Directorate General European Atomic Energy Community European Bank for Reconstruction and Development European Community European Court of Justice European Community Monitoring Mission European Coal and Steel Community European Currency Unit European Defence Community European Development Fund European Economic Area European Economic Community European Free Trade Association European Investment Bank European Institute for the Media Economic and Monetary Union European Parliament European Political Co-operation European Payments Union Exchange Rate Mechanism viii

List of Abbreviations IX ERP EU EUR-OP FAWEU FYROM GAIT GCC GDP GDR IBRD IGC IGO IMF IO JHA JPC LTA MEP MFA MFN NAFTA NATO NGO NPT NTB OAPEC OECD OEEC OSCE OMA PH ARE QMV SEA TACIS TEC TEU VER WEAG WEU WTO European Recovery Programme European Union Office for Official Publications of the European Communities Forces Answerable to Western European Union Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gulf Co-operation Council Gross Domestic Product German Democratic Republic International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Inter-governmental Conference Inter-governmental Organisation International Monetary Fund International organisation Justice and Home Affairs Joint Parliamentary Committees Long Term Arrangement Member of the European Parliament Multi-Fibre Arrangement Most-Favoured Nation North American Free Trade Agreement North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Non-Governmental Organisation Non-Proliferation Treaty Non-Tariff Barriers Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organisation for European Economic Co-operation Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe Orderly Marketing Arrangements Poland and Hungary Assistance for Economic Restructuring programme Qualified Majority Voting Single European Act Technical Assistance for the CIS Treaties establishing the European Communities Treaty on European Union Voluntary Export Restraints Western European Armaments Group Western European Union World Trade Organisation

Acknowledgements Sincere thanks are due in a number of directions for support and assistance during the writing of this text. Professor Margaret Blunden has provided the combination of intellectual insight, incisive criticism and chivvying that have guided bot~ the development of this project and my own intellectual advancement. To Professor Blunden my heartfelt thanks for the certainty (to paraphrase T.S. Eliot) that 'my time future will always be contained in this time past'. I also have a debt of thanks to offer to the staff of a number of libraries and institutions for their assistance in the accumulation of material for this study. The staff of the library of the University of Westminster at Riding House Street have faithfully processed my long lists of inter-library loan requests in a timely and efficient manner; similar service has been forthcoming from the libraries of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Offices of the European Commission in London, the London School of Economics and the British Library. The European Institute of Public Administration in Maastricht rendered considerable assistance during my stay and greatly assisted in gaining access to staff at the European Commission, Council of Ministers, and Permanent Representations of the Member States, who all gave generously of their time. To no small degree my thanks must be extended to the trustees of the Quintin Hogg Scholarships and numerous other colleagues and friends at the University of Westminster. Finally, but foremost, my thanks to LKO for everything, and more. X