Entwicklungstheorie und Entwicklungspolitik 17 Julia Schöneberg Making Development Political NGOs as Agents for Alternatives to Development Nomos
The GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies is the largest German research institute for area and comparative area studies and is also among the largest in Europe. Its research focuses on political, economic and social developments in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Interregional linkages and global topics are incorporated within this research. The series Entwicklungstheorie und Entwicklungspolitik is edited by Arnold-Bergstraesser-Institut (ABI), Freiburg Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn Sektion Entwicklungstheorie und Entwicklungspolitik der Deutschen Vereinigung für Politische Wissenschaft (DVPW) GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg Institut für Entwicklung & Frieden (INEF), Duisburg Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung (ZEF), Bonn Volume 17
Julia Schöneberg Making Development Political NGOs as Agents for Alternatives to Development Nomos
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de a.t.: Kassel, Univ., Diss., 2015, Original titel: NGOs Development Actors as Agents for Alternatives to Development? Exploring the role of the privileged in regard to Post-Development theory by looking at cooperation and partnerships between Haitian organisations and international NGOs. ISBN 978-3-8487-2889-3 (Print) 978-3-8452-7288-7 (epdf) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-3-8487-2889-3 (Print) 978-3-8452-7288-7 (epdf) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schöneberg, Julia Making Development Political NGOs as Agents for Alternatives to Development Julia Schöneberg 223 p. Includes bibliographic references. ISBN 978-3-8487-2889-3 (Print) 978-3-8452-7288-7 (epdf) 1. Edition 2016 Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, Germany 2016. Printed and bound in Germany. This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Under 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to Verwertungs gesellschaft Wort, Munich. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Nomos or the author.
Contents Acknowledgements 5 Contents 7 1. Introduction 11 1.1 Problem Statement and Relevance 11 1.2 Research Questions 14 1.3 Contents 15 1.4 Methodology and Methods of Data Interpretation 17 1.5 Positionality 18 2. State of the Art 23 2.1 Development: Immanent, Intentional, Indigenous 23 2.2 Approaching Development 24 2.3 The Development of Development Theory and Practice 27 2.4 Alternative Development: A New Paradigm? 29 2.5 Post-Development: Escapist Fundamental Critique of Development or Practical Starting Point for Development from Below? 34 2.6 Conclusions 41 3. Theoretical Frames 43 3.1 Post-Development as a Bridging Concept between Development Theory and Postcolonialism 43 3.2 Searching the Foucauldian Toolbox: Knowledge, Power, Speech and Discourse 49 7
Contents 4. INGOs in the Dispositif of Development Cooperation 55 4.1 Governmental Institutions as Third-Party Donors for INGOs 56 4.2 NGOs as Actors in the Dispositif of Development 58 5. Haiti - From Pearl of the Caribbean to Burning Glass of the South 65 6. Partnership and Cooperation: Clashes of Reality and Construction 71 6.1 Exploring Discourses of Partnership and Cooperation 72 6.2 The Work of INGOs in Haiti Drawing on Three Cases 76 6.3 The INGO Discourse of "Development through Partnership" 79 6.4 Clashes of Reality and Construction - Structures, Rules and Positions 83 6.4.1 The Structures of the Dispositif the "Republic of NGOs" 83 6.4.2 The Rules of the Dispositif the Ideology of Projects 84 6.4.3 The Positions of the Dispositif Speaker and Subjects 89 6.4.4 Positions of Power 94 6.4.5 Effects of Positioning 98 6.5 The Continuous State of Exception- Ideologies of Emergency and Intervention 100 6.6 Conclusions 106 7. Considering Peasant Associations as Agents for Change 111 7.1 Haitian Peasants and Peasant Organisations 112 Excursus: Haitian cultures of collective action 113 7.2 Introducing Oganisasyon Peyizan (OP) 119 7.2.1 OP Objectives, Identity and Vision 120 7.2.2 Mete Tèt Ansanm -Fomasyon Gwoupman 124 7.2.3 Kombit 130 7.3 Conclusions 131 8
Contents 8. Aspiring Alternatives: Actual Spaces for Action and Negotiation within Partnerships 133 8.1 Case Study: American Organization for Ending Poverty (AOEP) 134 8.2 Interaction within Development Projects: Roles, Positions, Interactions 137 8.2.1 Description and Analysis of Actors 137 8.2.2 Positions of Speaking and Listening 142 8.2.3 Discussing Finansman: Requirements and Restrictions 143 8.2.4 Positions of Speaker and Subject: Locating Abigail 145 8.2.5 Negotiating Positions: Discussing the Role of Women in OP 147 8.2.6 Negotiating Positions: The Importance of Kredi 150 8.2.7 The Grantee Yearly Assessment 151 8.3 Why OP? 153 8.4 Preliminary Conclusions 155 8.5 Within the Realms of Subaltern voices Exploring the Role of ODR 156 8.5.1 Can the Subaltern Speak? Subaltern Voices and Agents of Representation 157 8.5.2 Intermediary Actors and the Concept of the "Strategic Ally" 159 8.5.3 Exploring the Role of ODR 160 8.6 Realizations and Strategy Changes 169 9. Within the Realms of Political Interaction: Enacting Citizenship and Funding Social Change 173 9.1 Making Development Political 173 9.2 Within the realms of political interaction: Supporting the struggle through social justice advocacy 176 9.3 "What can you do to help us so that the state listens to us?" 176 9.4 The Kollektif Min (Mining Collective) Struggling against Mining 178 9.5 Supporting Resistance- The Case of Ile-a-Vache 181 9.6 Building Back Government Responsiveness 183 9.7 Problems of Funding Social Change and Social Justice 188 9.8 What now?: Towards Global Solidarity and Alternatives to Development 193 9
Contents 10 Conclusion 201 References 211 10