Recto Running Head Tables and Figures List of Acronyms Acknowledgments Foreword xxi Maude Barlow xi xiii xix part one context and overview 1 1 Canada, Free Trade, and Deep Integration in North America: Context, Problems, and Challenges 3 Ricardo Grinspun and Yasmine Shamsie Economic integration: Dubious benefits, troubling prospects / 8; Costing free trade: Impacts on essential services and public policy / 12; Costing free trade: Impacts on the environment and natural resources / 15; September 11 and the deep integration agenda / 18; Unholy alliance: The coming together of trade and security / 23; Framing the debate: Integration, deeper integration, and even deeper integration / 29; Revitalizing democracy, upholding the public good / 32; Moving forward: Resisting assimilation, deepening democracy / 38; Notes / 44; References / 47 2 Free Trade Allies: The Making of a New Continentalism 54 Duncan Cameron Politics, business, and the free trade agenda / 55; Continentalism: Old and new / 58; Canada and us hegemony / 64; Contesting the new continentalism / 67; Conclusion / 69; Notes / 70; References / 71
vi 3 Corporate Canada: Washington s Empire Loyalists 74 Tony Clarke Strategic lessons / 76; Corporate restructuring / 80; Security paradigm / 85; Strategic bargain? / 88; Conclusion / 98; Notes / 100; References / 101 part two september 11 and the deep integration agenda 105 4 Paradigm Shift or Paradigm Twist? The Impact of the Bush Doctrine on Canada s International Position 107 Stephen Clarkson and Maria Banda Economic liberalization / 109; Prevention: National security at home / 110; Retribution and pre-emption: Military force for regime change / 115; Conclusion / 120; Notes / 125; References / 126 5 Community of Law: Proposals for a Strategic Deal with the United States 129 Stephen Clarkson and Maria Banda Context: The political and economic conjuncture since 1994 / 130; After the shock: Fall 2001 / 132; Proposals for a new continental architecture / 134; The big idea: Institutional dilemmas and political realities / 142; Towards the big idea in small instalments / 148; Conclusion / 150; Notes / 151; References / 151 6 Fortress North America: The Drive towards Military and Security Integration and Its Impact on Canadian Democratic Sovereignty 154 Steven Staples After September 11: A world map redrawn / 155; The assault on human security / 155; The Bush Doctrine and the next phase of globalization / 156; Corporate Canada rallies for a big idea / 159; Building Fortress North America / 161; The strategic alliance between the corporate and defence lobbies / 162; Background to Canada-us continental military cooperation / 164; New commands and the Bi-National Planning Group / 167; National Missile Defence / 170; Confronting the militarycorporate lobby / 172; A reinvigorated movement is needed / 175; Notes / 176; References / 177
vii 7 Risking Rights: An Assessment of Canadian Border Security Policies 180 Sharryn J. Aiken Securing the nation with immigration law / 182; Border (in)security / 188; Racial profiling / 192; Conclusion / 200; Notes / 202; References / 203 part three free trade: economic and labour impacts 209 8 From Leaps of Faith to Hard Landings: Fifteen Years of Free Trade 211 Andrew Jackson The great free trade debate / 212; Downward harmonization: Social dimensions of the integrated economic space / 221; Moving forward / 230; Afternote / 231; Notes / 232; References / 232 9 Critical Macroeconomic Aspects of Deepening North American Economic Integration 234 Mario Seccareccia North American commercial integration: Some stylized facts / 236; Macroeconomic policies: The record / 241; Greater North American monetary integration? / 250; Conclusion / 252; Notes / 253; References / 256 10 All Pain, No Gain: Canadian Labour in the Integrated North American Economy 259 David Robinson The lost decade: The labour market in the 1990s / 260; Explaining the great Canadian slump of the 1990s / 265; The impact of economic integration on labour standards / 272; Conclusion: Which way for labour? / 275; Notes / 276; References / 277 11 The Costs and Benefits of a Canada us Customs Union 280 Marc Lee Customs union and economic integration / 281; Eliminating rules of origin / 285; The downside of common trade policy / 287; us trade remedy laws, retaliation and harassment / 290; Assessing the bargain / 291; Notes / 293; References / 294
viii part four free trade: impacts on public policy and culture 297 12 An International Bill of Rights for Foreign Investors 299 Steven Shrybman The special case of foreign investment treaties / 299; A revolutionary expansion of investor rights / 300; Deploying investor rights / 302; Investor rights and public services / 304; P3s, privatization, and investor rights / 305; Contracting out of nafta? / 309; Investor rights in search of a rationale / 310; The uncertain future of foreign investor rights / 312; Human rights not corporate rights / 313; Notes / 313; References / 314 13 Impact of Trade Agreements on Subnational Governments 317 Kathy Corrigan Trade agreements: cufta, nafta, wto and ait / 317; Education and privatization / 327; Trade agreements and municipalities / 333; What happens next? / 337; Notes / 339; References / 340 14 Trade Treaties, Privatization, and Health Care Reform in Canada 343 Jim Grieshaber-Otto, Scott Sinclair, and Ricardo Grinspun Unsafe practices: Underfunding, commercialization, and decentralization / 344; Recent government reports on health care reform / 348; Hazardous mixture: Existing trade treaties and health care reform / 351; Looming challenges: New trade treaty negotiations / 358; Conclusion: Towards healthy health care reform / 364; Notes / 367; References / 368 15 Free Trade and Deep Integration in North America: Saving Canadian Culture 371 Garry Neil The Canadian cultural dilemma / 372; Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement: The sell-out begins / 375; Pressure on Canadian cultural policies continues / 379; Erosion of foreign ownership limits / 383; Defending against cultural assimilation / 385; Convention on cultural diversity / 386; Notes / 388; References / 389 16 Free Trade and Quebec Models of Development 391 Dorval Brunelle and Benoît Lévesque The Quiet Revolution / 391; Free trade in context / 394; The emergence of a second-generation development model / 395; Conclusion / 400; Notes / 402; References / 404
ix part five deep integration: impacts on environment, energy, and patent law 407 17 Breaking the Free Trade Addiction: An Intervention on Environmental Grounds 409 Elizabeth May and Sarah Dover What we are losing: The state of Canada s environment / 411; Who knew? Looking back on the establishment of nafta / 414; On the sideline: nafta s environmental institutions / 417; The failure of strategic environmental assessment of trade agreements / 419; nafta and the (in)ability to respond to the environmental crisis / 421; nafta, climate change, and the appetite for oil / 424; Taking bad to worse: The big, stupid idea / 430; Conclusion / 433; Notes / 434; References / 435 18 Imperialist Regulation: us Electricity Market Designs and Their Problems for Canada and Mexico 439 Marjorie Griffin Cohen The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) / 440; Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) / 442; Creating larger markets / 446; The electricity debate in Mexico / 448; Canada s regulatory system / 450; Conclusion / 453; Notes / 454; References / 456 19 Pipelines and Pipe Dreams: Energy and Continental Security 459 Larry Pratt A match made in heaven / 462; Deregulation, nafta, and the promotion of exports / 466; Corporate strategies: Pressures to export / 470; Limits to integration / 473; Conclusion / 477; Notes / 478; References / 479 20 Of Harvard Mice and Prairie Farmers: Canadian Patents on Life 481 Michelle Swenarchuk What is a patent? / 482; The life patents debate / 483; Life patent reform proposals / 493; Conclusion / 495; References / 496
x part six the way forward: building a movement, developing alternatives 499 21 Challenging the Forces of Deep Integration 501 Murray Dobbin The facts on the ground: The materialist and political reality of assimilation / 503; The record of the left in challenging the right s hegemony / 505; The right s hegemonic campaigns / 507; Fighting deep integration as a counter-hegemonic struggle / 512; The left s organizational dilemma / 517; The struggle against deep integration: The Americanization of Canada / 519; Notes / 526; References / 527 22 Managing Canada us Relations: An Alternative to Deep Integration 529 Bruce Campbell Living with nafta: Constraints on policy freedom / 531; Can the current course be altered? / 532; Elements of an action plan / 534; Deep integration under the Martin Liberals / 539; Conclusion / 542; Notes / 544; References / 544 Contributors 547 Index 553