Carbon Management and Institutional Issues in European Cities Kristine Kern University of Minnesota 1
2
Contents 1. Introduction: Climate change policy in Europe 2. Cities, Europeanization and multi-level governance 3. Governing climate change at the local level 4. Governing capacities of transnational city networks 5. Conclusions 3
Climate change policy in Europe 4
1. Introduction Climate change policy in Europe EU climate change policy National climate change policy Regional climate change policy Local climate change policy 5
Climate change policy in the EU EU Burden-Sharing Agreement (EU-15) Emission Reductions 1990/2004 Member State Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland 0.0% 0.0% Emission reduction targets (2008-2012) -13.0% -7.5% -21.0% -21.0% +25.0% +13.0% Emission reductions 1990/2004 +15.7% +0.7% -1.8% +14.5% -0.8% -17.5% +23.9% +22.7%
Climate change policy in the EU EU Burden-Sharing Agreement (EU-15) Emission Reductions 1990/2004 Member State Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden UK EU-15 Total Emission Reduction Targets (2008-2012) -6.5% -28.0% -6.0% +27.0% +15.0% +4.0% -12.5% -8.0% +12.3% +0.3% +1.6% +41.0% +47.9% -3.6% -14.1% -0.9% Emission reductions 1990/2004
Climate change policy in the EU EU Burden-Sharing Agreement (EU-10) Emission Reductions 1990/2004 Member State Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Slovakia Slovenia Czech Republic Hungary -8% -8% -8% -6% -8% -8% -8% -6% Kyoto target -50.0% -58.5% -60.1% -31.6% -30.3% -0.8% Emission reductions 1990/2004-25.1% -32.0%
Sustainable development activity level in the German Länder
Sustainable development in the German Länder Länder (1) Environmental plan, sustainable development strategy (Landes-Agenda 21) Adoption/ revision in Activity level (2) Climate protection strategy, Climate action programme Adoption/ revision in Activity level (3) Voluntary agreement ( environmental pact ) Adoption/ revision in Activity level (4) Support of local sustainable development initiatives Adoption/ revision in Activity level Overall activity level* Bavaria 1997/2002 2000/2003 1995/2000/2 005 1997/1998 Berlin 2006 1994/2000 1998 1997 Baden-Württemberg 2000 1994/2000 1997 1998/1999 Thuringia 2000 2000/2002 1999/2004 1999/2000 North Rhine- Westphalia (2005) 2001/2005 1996 Hamburg 2001/2003 1990/2002 2003 (2002) Mecklenburg- Western Pommerania 2006 1997/2002 2001 1999/2000 Hesse 2002 (2004) 2000/2005 1998 Bremen 1994/2001 2003 1997 Lower Saxony 1998 (2000) 2001 Schleswig-Holstein 2000/2004 1995/2004 1997/1999 Saarland 2003 1998 2002 Saxony Anhalt 1998/2003 1999 1997 Brandenburg 1996/2002 1999/2005 2001 Saxony 2001/2004 1998/2003 1998 Rhineland-Palatinate 1999 1996 Federal Government 2002 1990 2000 2002
Cities, Europeanization and multi-level governance 11
2. Cities, Europeanization, and multilevel governance EU multi-level governance Competences shifted between different levels Authority dispersed between different levels and different actors New forms of governance needed Boundaries between policy arenas become blurred Actors pursue multi-level strategies Cities adapt to new opportunity structures 12
2. Cities, Europeanization, and multilevel governance Europeanization Complements multi-level governance approach Top-down perspective still dominates discussion Vertical top-down Europeanization Vertical bottom-up Europeanization Horizontal Europeanization 13
2. Cities, Europeanization, and multilevel governance Europeanization Cities establish own offices in Brussels Cities cooperate and apply for collaborative projects (EU funding) Commission depends on expertise of interest groups City networks can support implementation Supports exchange of experience between cities, transnational learning, development of own standards 14
Governing climate change at the local level 15
3. Governing climate change at the local level Multiple modes of governing Self-governing Governing by authority Governing by provision Governing through enabling See handout: modes of governing 16
3. Governing climate change at the local level Findings (cities UK, Germany) Actions concentrated in the energy sphere Municipalities deploy - self-governing approaches - enabling approaches 17
3. Governing climate change at the local level Limitations EU policy goals contradictory Financial crisis of cities (Germany) Political challenge of implementing local climate change policy 18
Governing capacities of transnational city networks 19
4. Governing capacities of transnational city networks Structure and function of transnational city networks Two main goals: (1) Representation of their members interests (2) Support of the exchange of experiences and transnational learning In the 1990s period of growth, differentiation and specialization of networks Phase of stabilization reached 20
4. Governing 4. Transnational capacities City of Networks transnational in city Europe networks Transnational city networks in the area of climate change policy Three transnational city networks active in the area of climate change policy (around 1,400 member cities) Founded in the early 1990s General mission and goals almost identical Reached phase of stabilization: differing membership structure Spatial pattern of membership 22
Membership in transnational city networks in the area of climate change policy
Members of the Climate Alliance
Members of the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign
Members of Energie-Cités
4. Governing 5. Governing capacities Capacities of transnational of transnational city networks City Networks Forms of Governing Internal Governing External Governing (1) Influence, (2) Interdependence, (3) Intermediation 27
4. Governing 5. Governing capacities Capacities of transnational of Transnational city networks City Networks Internal governing capacities: Three forms Information and Communication - selection and production of best practice Project cooperation and project funding - intensifies cooperation, concentrated on pioneers Recognition, benchmarking, and certification - certification still limited to national networks, concentrated on pioneers 29
4. Governing 5. Governing capacities Capacities of transnational of Transnational city networks City Networks Internal governing capacities: findings Hierarchy (regulation, control, sanction, coercion) not applicable Development of alternative governing modes - laissez-faire approaches - interventionist approaches Concentration on laissez-faire approaches - certification limited to pioneers Few active versus many passive cities 30
4. Governing 5. Governing capacities Capacities of transnational of Transnational city networks City Networks External governing capacities: Three Forms Influence (governmental institutions) - two-directional process (lobbying and consultation versus EU funding) Interdependence (non-governmental institutions) - competition and cooperation between networks - determined by EU Intermediation (local networks) - local activities depend on policy entrepreneurs - differences between active and passive cities 31
Conclusions 32
6. Conclusions: General Huge differences between local authorities in Europe; generalizations difficult Actions concentrated on energy policy Municipalities prefer self-governing and enabling approaches Few active versus many passive cities 33
6. Conclusions (2) Cities are part of the European multi-level governance Relationship between nation-states and cities in climate change policy Vertical top-down Europeanization has a similar impact on all cities and towns Vertical bottom-up Europeanization und horizontal Europeanization limited to pioneers Transnational city networks are networks of pioneers for pioneers 34
35