Chronological Table 1906 1 October 30 December Indian mutiny and widespread rebellion in Northern India. East India Company's rule in India replaced by the British Crown. Dayanand (1824-83) founds the Arya Samaj at Bombay. Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) founds MuhammadanAnglo-Oriental College at Aligarh. Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India. Indian National Congress inaugurated in Bombay. Hindu rmsslonary Vivekananda (1862-1902) addresses the First World Parliament of Religions at Chicago. M. K. Gandhi (I 86g-1948) starts his career in South Afiica. The Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon. Partition of Bengal. The rise of antipartition movement in Bengal. The rise of Extremist Party in Congress under B. G. Tilak (1856-1920). Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan (1875-1958) presents address to Viceroy Minto (1905-10). Inauguration of the All-India Muslim League at Dacca. Split in Congress at Surat. Beginning of terrorist movement in India. The Extremists excluded from Congress.
218 OHRONOLOGIOAL TABLE 1909 May Morley-Minto Reforms (The Indian Council Act) grant Muslim demand for separate electorate. 1910 Birth of Hindu Mahasabha. 1911 Visit of King George V and Queen Mary and the Delhi Durbar. Partition of Bengal annulled. Transfer of Indian Capital from Calcutta to Delhi announced. Italy and Turkey at war in Tripoli. Growth of anti-british feeling among Indian Muslims. 1912 Turkey gets involved in the first Balkan war. 1913 Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) awarded Nobel Prize for his Gitanjali. 1913 Balkan War concluded by the Treaty of London. 1914 4 August 4 November 1915 January February December 1916 August September December The First World War breaks out. Turkey joins Germany against Britain. The growth of Pan-Islamism in India. Gandhi returns to India from South Africa. The liberal leader of Congress, G. K. Gokhale (born 1866) dies. Beginning of the alliance between Congress and the Muslim League. Tilak and Mrs Annie Besant (1847-1933) found the Home Rule Leagues. The Extremists are taken back into Congress. The Muslim League and Congress reach an agreement at Lucknow and jointly demand for India a national legislative assembly to be elected on communal basis.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 219 1917 April 20 August November December 1918 April July November 1919 March 6 April 13 April 23 December 1920 January March-May I August 1921 February August Gandhi starts his first Satyagraha in Champaran, Bihar. Edwin Montagu, Secretary of State for India (1917-22) defines British policy towards India. Montagu arrives in India. Indian government appoints Rowlatt Committee. Rowlatt Committee submits its report. Montagu and Viceroy Chelmsford (1916-21) publish their joint constitutional report. Allies secure victory in the First World War. Rowlatt Acts passed. Gandhi starts his first All-India civil disobedience movement in protest against the Rowlatt Acts. Jalianwala Bagh (Amritsar) massacre. Gandhi suspends civil disobedience movement. The Government of India Act (incorporating Montagu-Chelmsford Report) is passed by Parliament. House of Lords rejects censure motion on General Dyer, the perpetrator of the Amritsar massacre. Official and non-official reports on Amritsar massacre published. Gandhi launches non-eo-operation movement on behalf of Khilafat party. Tilak dies. Central Legislature is inaugurated. Moplah rebellion in Malabar.
220 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE November 1922 4 February 6 February 10 March December 1923 September November 1924 January March May September November 1925 October November December 1926 March April 1927 April Boycott of the Prince of Wales on his arrival in Bombay. Riots follow. Policemen murdered at Chauri Chaura by mob. Gandhi suspends the non-eo-operation movement. Gandhi arrested. Birth of Swaraj Party and split in Congress. Differences between Swaraj Party and Congress resolved. Swaraj Party contests elections on behalf of Congress. Central Legislative Assembly inaugurated. Kemal Pasha abolishes Caliphate. The Muslim League revived at its Lahore session. Hindu-Muslim riots at Kohat. All-Parties Conference held in Bombay to settle Hindu-Muslim problem. Split in the Swaraj Party. Hindu Mahasabha revived. The Swarajists walk out of the Central Legislature. The end of the Swarajist interlude. Communalism at its peak. Third general election held. First airmail arrives in India trom Croydon in under 54 hours' flying time.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 221 November December 1928 February May August December 1929 September December 1930 26 January March May June November All-white Simon Commission is appointed to recommend further constitutional advancement for India. Congress decides to boycott the commission. Congress undertakes to draft a constitution for India independently of the Simon Commission. Simon Commission arrives in India. Congress appoints a committee under Motilal Nehru (1861-1931) to draft a constitution for India. The Nehru committee completes its report. The Nehru report accepted by Congress and the All-India Convention. Jinnah's {I 876-1948) opposition to Nehru's report is outvoted and he parts company with Congress. Jawaharlal Nehru {I 88g--1 964) is elected the President of Congress. At its annual session held at Lahore Congress demands complete Independence for India. Congress celebrates this day as Independence Day. Gandhi launches the civil disobedience movement. Gandhi arrested. Congress is outlawed Simon Commission report is published. First Round Table Conference meets in London. Congress boycotts the Conference.
222 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 1931 January 17 February- 4 March 23 March September December 1932 3 January 4 January 17 November- 24 December 1933 March December 1934 May 1935 2 August 28 December 1936 April The Round Table Conference is adjourned. Congress leaders released. Viceroy Irwin (1926-31) starts peace talks with Gandhi and a pact is made. The civil disobedience movement is suspended. Hindu-Muslim riots at Kanpur. Gandhi attends the Second Round Table Conference held in London. The Conference yields no further results and Gandhi returns to India. Gandhi threatens to resume civil disobedience movement. Gandhi and other Congress leaders arrested. The Third and the last Round Table Conference. Jinnah abandons politics and settles down in London. White Paper is issued formulating proposals for Indian constitution. Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951) persuadesjinnah to return to India. Congress suspends the civil disobedience movement. Government of India Act receives Royal Assent. Congress celebrates its GoldenJubilee. Inauguration of the new provinces of Drissa and Sind. Congress decides to contest elections under the new constitution.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 223 May-June 1937 January February I April July 1938 March 1939 3 September 14 September 22-23 October 31 October 22 December 1940 February March 10 May Congress President Nehru and the Muslim League President Jinnah start their election campaigns. Elections held for the provincial assemblies. Provincial responsible government comes into force. Congress ministries are formed in Bihar, Orissa, C.P., U.P., Bombay and Madras. Congress ministry is formed in Assam. Viceroy Linlithgow (1936-43) announces that India is at war with Germany. Congress demands a declaration of war aims from the British government. Congress calls on Congress ministries to resign. All Congress ministries resign by this date. The Muslim League observes this day as 'Deliverance Day' from Congress rule. Jinnah declares that Western democracy was unsuited for India. Congress demands complete independence and a constituent assembly. At its Lahore session the Muslim League demands the division of India into autonomous national states. Winston Churchill replaces Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister.
224 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 17 June 7 August 17 October 1941 27 January August December 1942 February- March 22 March 30 March April 8 August 9 August 1943 March-April August November 1944 March 6 June The fall of France. The Viceroy makes a statement on India's constitutional development - the August Offer. Congress starts the individual civil disobedience movement. Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945) escapes to Germany. 'Atlantic Charter': Joint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill. Civil disobedience prisoners set free. Fall of Singapore and Rangoon. Sir Stafford Cripps arrives in Delhi. Cri pps proposals published. Congress and the Muslim League reject the Cripps mission plan. Cripps returns to London. Congress demands the withdrawal of British power from India and sanctions the beginning of mass struggle under Gandhi's leadership. Congress leaders are arrested and Congress is declared unlawful. Beginning of disturbances throughout India. Muslim majority provinces come under the control of the Muslim League. Bengal famine. The Japanese advance into Assam assisted by the Indian National Anny ofbose. Allied armies land in France; D-Day.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 225 June 9-27 September 1945 7 May 14 June 15 June 25 June- 14 July 26 July 14 August November December 1946 January 18-23 February 19 February 25 March 5-12 May 16 May 6 June 16 June 25 June szg June Japanese defeated at Imphal. C. Rajagopalachari's formula made public for the first time. Gandhi-Jinnah talks. Germany surrenders. Viceroy Wavell (1943-7) announces a conference to be held in Simla. Congress leaders released from prison. Simla Conference and its failure. Labour government under Clement Attlee comes into power in Britain. Japan surrenders. The IoN.A. trials begin in the Red Fort, Delhi. Results of elections to the Central Legislative Assembly announced. Parliamentary delegation arrives in India. Royal Indian Navy mutiny. The British government announces that a cabinet mission is to visit India. Cabinet mission arrives in Delhi. Second Simla Conference between Cabinet mission and Indian leaders. Cabinet mission presents its constitutional plan. Muslim League accepts Cabinet missionplan. Cabinet mission presents its interim government plan. Congress accepts mission's constitutional plan but rejects interim government plan. Cabinet mission drops its interim government plan. Cabinet mission leaves India.
226 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 6 July 29 July 16 August 2 September 25 October 9 December 1947 20 February 22-23 March April 10 May 11 May 18--31 May 2-3 June 20-23 June 26 June June 6-17 July Nehru interprets the Cabinet mission's constitutional plan. Muslim League retracts its acceptance of the Cabinet mission plan and calls for 'direct action'. Muslim League starts its direct action and the riots begin in Calcutta. Congress forms interim government without the Muslim League. Muslim League joins the interim government. Constituent Assembly meets without the League. Attlee announces in Parliament the British intention ofleaving India by June 1948. Mountbatten replaces Wavell as Viceroy. Congress accepts the principle of partition. Nehru rejects Mountbatten's plan in Simla. V. P. Menon amends Mountbatten's plan. Nehru accepts it. Mountbatten discusses the amended plan with the British government in London. The plan for the partition of India accepted by Congress, Sikhs and the Muslim League. The Bengal and the Punjab Legislative Assemblies opt for partition. The Sind Legislative Assembly opts for Pakistan, Baluchistan opts for Pakistan. Sylhet and North-West Frontier Province decide to join Pakistan.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 227 18 July 25 July 7 August 13 August 15 August The Indian Independence Act receives Royal Assent. Mountbatten addresses the Chamber of Princes. Jinnah flies to Karachi. Radcliffe Award completed. India and Pakistan become independent. Jinnah is sworn in as Governor-General of Pakistan and Mountbatten as Governor-General of India. The Pakistan cabinet is headed by Liaquat Ali Khan and the Indian cabinet by Nehru.
Bibliography I. UNPUBLISHED PRIVATE PAPERS THE Private Papers of British rulers and Indian nationalists will always remain the most useful source for the Indian National Movement and British policy. The 'gaps' and the 'dark patches' of history which cannot be explained by official records and newspapers are often illuminated with the aid of Private Papers. The first phase of the National Movement from 1885 to 1910 (the birth of Congress and the growth of Muslim separatism) is fortunate to have many legacies of Private Papers. Of the five Viceroys who ruled India from 1885 to 1910 (Dufferin, 1884-8; Lansdowne, 1888-g4; Elgin n, 1894-9; Curzon, 1899-1905; Minto 11, 1905-10), each has left behind a mass of private correspondence which explains his policies, prejudices, and attitude towards the national or sectarian aspirations of the Indian middle classes. Added to this are the Private Papers of two Secretaries of State for India, a Conservative G. Hamilton, 1895-1903, and a Liberal J. Morley, 1905-10. The India Office Library, London, houses the Private Papers of Duffer in (microfilm copy), Lansdowne (Mss. EUR. D558), Elgin n (Mss. EUR. D558), Curzon (Mss. EUR. FI I I), Hamilton and Morley (Mss. EUR. E233); Minto papers are in the custody of the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. From the Private Papers of Indian nationalists, however, emerges a somewhat fuller picture of the early national movement. The papers I have usefully consulted are of G. K. Gokhale, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, G. S. Khaparde, R. C. Dutt, N. B. Khare, B. Tyabji and P. D. Tandon, all housed in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. The massive collection of Gokhale's papers throws new light on the working of the Congress movement from 18g8 to 1915
BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 and on his own role as the leader of the moderate party in Congress. Although the Letters cif S. Sastri are edited and published by T. N.Jagadisan (1963) it is rewarding to look into the original collections. The Private Papers of Tilak's right-hand-man Khaparde give an insight into the working of the extremist party in Congress up to 1920 and enable us to assess the personalities of Tilak and B. C. Pal. The Papers of Khare and, to a lesser extent, of Tandon explain in some measure the role of the Hindu Mahasabha in the 1930S and 1940S in the National Movement. The papers of Tyabji, the first Muslim president of the third Congress in 1887, are most valuable in assessing the growth of Muslim separatism and its pressure on the nationalist Muslims. 2. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS, NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS These are referred to in the chapter references. The government publications are massive and fall into various categories. Of these the Parliamentary Debates are valuable for a study of the British policy, and the Indian Census Reports and Moral and Material Progress Reports (published annually since 1858) for some understanding of the social changes. The Indian National Congress published the proceedings of each of its annual sessions. These Reports are indispensable for a specialised study of the Congress Movement up to 1936. Among periodicals H. N. Mitra's Indian Annual Registers (starting from 1919 and turning into QuarterlY Register from 1924 to 1929) are an authentic record of the main political events up to 1947. 3. BIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS AND DIARIES The works consulted may be divided into three categories according to their usefulness for the understanding of the persons, periods or subjects. The place of publication is London unless stated otherwise.
230 BIBLIOGRAPHY Max Mueller's Biographical Essays (1884) and C. Isherwood's Ramkrishna and his Disciples (1965) contain sympathetic appraisals of the ideas and personalities of the Hindu renaissance including Dayanand and Vivekananda. W. Wedderburn's Allan Octavian Hume (1913), though not critical, is the only accurate account of the life and works of the founder of the Congress movement. Similarly G. F. T. Graham's The Life and Works qf Syed Ahmad Khan (Edinburgh, 1885) still holds the field as the standard English biography of the founder of Muslim separatism. Of the many biographies of Gokhale and Tilak, the two great leaders of the first phase of Indian nationalism, S. A. Wolpert's Tilak and Gokhale, Revolution and Reform in the making qf the Modern India (Berkeley, 1962) is by far the best. Gandhi has a number of biographers each differing from the other in his interpretations of the mysterious Mahatma. His own account of his life, The Story qfmy Experiments with Truth (first published at Ahmedabad, 1927), though more reflective than factual, is by far the best source on his life and activities up to 1920S. U. N. Pyarelal's Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase faithfully describes Mahatma's last struggle against communal violence in the 1940s. D. G. Tendulkar's Mahatma (Bombay, 1951-4) in eight formidable volumes is the most authentic account of his life from 1869 to 1948 told mostly in his own writings and speeches. Jawaharlal Nehru's An Autobiography (first published in London, 1936; a cheaper edition published in India, 1962) is as much a story of his life as of Indian politics from 1912 to 1935. This may be supplemented with M. Brecher's Nehru: A political biography (Oxford, 1959), which surpasses previous writings on Nehru in authenticity and depth. B. R. Nanda's The Nehrus; Motilal and Jawaharlal (1962) is a brilliant and scholarly study ofthe father and son up to 1931. Rajendra Prasad in his Autobiography (Bombay, 1957) narrates his role in politics to the 1940s, in particular the Right-Left tension of the 1930S in Congress. N. D. Parikh's Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Ahmedabad, 1953) and K. L. Panjabi's The Indomitable Sardar: A Political Biography (Bombay, 1962) authentically describe the life and works of the iron man of Congress
BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 until his death. H. Bolitho's Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan (1954) provides a character study of the Muslim leader. M. A. H. Ispahani's Qaid-e-kam Jinnah as I Knew Him (Karachi, 1966) furnishes some intimate details about Jinnah's conquests in Bengal and the Punjab. M. H. Saiyid's Mokammad Ali Jinnah: a Political Study (Lahore, 1945), still remains a detailed record ofjinnah's political achievements. Of the works which describe periods rather than portray characters Sir Stan1ey Reed's The India I Knew 1897-1947 (1952) is anecdotal, also containing some glimpses of the early twentieth-century social lives of the Sahebs in India. B. C. Pal's Memories of my Life and Times (2 vols., Calcutta, 1951) and Sir S. N. Banerjea's A Nation in the Making (1925) are relevant to the period from 1900 to 1920. M. N. Das's India under Morley and Minto (1964), R. S. Wasti's Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement 1905-1910 (Oxford, 1964), S. A. Wolpert Morley and India, 1906-1910 (California, 1967), Mary Minto, India, Minto and Morley 1905-10 (1934), and John Viscount Morley's Recollections, vol. ii (1917), together provide a definitive study of the Minto-Morley period of Indian history and the growth of Muslim separatism. Edwin Montagu's An Indian Diary (1930) is a Secretary of State's diary written day by day during his visit to India in 1917-18. The Earl of Halifax's Fulness of days (1957), Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Tears (1954), Marquess of Zetland's 'Essayez' (1956), S. Gopal's The Viceroyal9' of Lord Irwin 1926-31 (Oxford, 1957) and the Earl of Birkenhead's The Life of Lord Halifax (1965) are valuable works on the crucial period roughly from 1926 to 1935 - Gandhi's civil disobedience movement of 1930, Round Table Conferences and the origin of the 1935 Act. A. K. Azad's India wins Freedom (Bombay, 1959) contains his critical analysis of Congress's attitude towards the Muslim League in 19308 and 1 940s. S. Ghose's Gandhi's Emissary (1967), though self-centred, gives some new facts on the Cabinet Mission's activities in 1946. AIan Campbell-Johnson's Mission with Mountbatten (1951) is a diary of the events and is indispensable for the last phase of the British Raj - March-
232 BIBLIOGRAPHY August, 1947. Lord Ismay's Memoirs (1960) is relevant for the same period though it yields very little. M. R. Jayakar's The Story of "VI Life, 2 vols. (Bombay, 1958) is essentially an account of Maratha politics from 1895 to 1922 and the rise of Hindu Mahasabha from 1922 to 1925. See also C. H. Setalvad's Recollections and Reflections (Bombay, 1946). India's leading businessman and industrialist, G. D. Birla, in his work In the Shadow of the Mahatma: A Personal Memoir (Calcutta, 1953) gives an account of his association with Gandhi from 1916 to 1945, and provides glimpses of economic nationalism. Aga Khan's Memoirs (1954) describes his role in Muslim politics especially in the nine troubled years of 190o-g and again during the Round Table Conferences in the 1930s. 4. GENERAL WORKS Hindu Renaissance r828-r90o On Ram Mohan Roy the best study is S. D. Collet's Life and Letters of Raja Rammohun Ray (3rd ed.) (Calcutta, 1962). The English Works of Raja Ram Mohan Ray (Allahabad, 1906) is the primary source. On Arya Samaj movement the basic work is Dayanand's Satyarth Prakash (English trans. by Dr. Bharadwaja, Allahabad, 2nd ed. 1915). Lajpat Rai's A History of Arya Samaj (rev. ed. Calcutta, 1967) and H. B. Sarda's Dayanand Commemoration volume (Ajmer, 1933) are the standard works. The primary source on the thoughts of Vivekananda is The Complete Works of Vivekanand, 8 vols. (Almora, 1923-51). A critical appraisal of his ideas is provided by D. G. Dalton in his unpublished University of London Ph.D. thesis, 'The idea of freedom in the political thought ofvivekanand, Aurobindo, Gandhi and Tagore'. For general works covering various aspects of Hindu renaissance Charles H. Heimsath's Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform (Princeton, 1964) is excellent. T. de Bary's edited Sources of Indian Tradition (Columbia University, 1958) can still be used as a source book. J. N.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 Farquhar's Modern Religious Movements in India (New York, 1918) remains a standard general work. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. ii (New York, 1909), provides authentic accounts of Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj movements. Indian Social Riform (ed. C. Y. Chintamani) (Madras, 1901) contains standard articles on individual social problems, and also some of the speeches of Ranade. There is no standard work on the impact of renaissance on Hindu society though S. Natarajan's A Century of Social Riform in India (Bombay, 1959) is a modest attempt. British Policy and &onomic Development 1858-1947 Documentation on policy and change is adequately provided by C. H. Philips et al. (eds.) The Evolution of India and Pakistan: Select Documents, 1858-1947 (Oxford, 1962), and M. Gwyer and A. Appadorai (eds.), Speeches and Documents on the Indian Constitution 1921-47,2 vols. (O.V.P., 1957). T. R. Metcalf's The Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1870 (Princeton, 1965) is an excellent standard work on the period its title suggests. S. Gopal's British Policy in India 1858-1905 (1965), mainly based on the Private Papers of the Viceroys, is a mine of valuable information. The standard works on economic development are Vera Anstey's The &onomic Development of India (1957), R. C. Dutt's &onomic History of India, 2 vols. (19 1-5) and D. R. Gadgil The Industrial Evolution of India (1934). Indian Nationalism General B. B. Misra's The Indian Middle Classes (Oxford, 1961) is a pioneer scholarly work. K. Dwarkadas's India's Fight for Freedom 191:r1937: An eye-witness story (Bombay, 1966) is a critical and invaluable study of Congress and the League to 1937 when they drifted apart. S. R. Mehrotra's India and the Commonwealth 1885-1929 (1965) is an authentic and scholarly interpretation of British-Congress-League policies. Anil Seal's The Emergence of Indian Nationalism (Cambridge,
234 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1968) provides an excellent analysis of Indian politics in the three Presidencies to 1888. D. A. Low (ed.), Soundings in Modern South Asian History (London, 1968)-a collection of eleven articles-shifts the focus from the all-india to the regional politics. J. H. Broomfield's Elite Conflict in a Plural Society,. Twentieth-Century Bengal (University of California, 1968) provides an insight into Bengal politics from 1912 to 1927. Congress 1885-1947 P. Sitaramayya's The History qf the Indian National Congress, 2 vols. (Bombay, 1946) is the official account, and is factual and accurate though provides dull reading. C. F. Andrews and G. Mooke:rjee's The Rise and Growth qf the Congress in India (rev. ed. Meerut, 1967) and B. and B. P. Mujumdar's Congress and Congressmen in the Pre-Gandhian Era 1885-1917 (Calcutta, 1967) fills in a few gaps but lacks scholarship and depth. Dadabhai Naoroji's Speeches and Writings, etc. (Madras, 1910), G. K. Gokhale's Speeches (Madras, 1920), H. W. Nevinson's The New Spirit in India (1908), and P. C. Ghosh's The Development qf the Indian National Congress, 1892-1909 (Calcutta, 1960) are useful for the early period to 1910. V. C.Joshi (ed.), Lala Lajpat Rai: writings and speeches, 2 vols. (Delhi, 1966) explains the reasons for the rise of Hindu communalism in the 1920S. Dorothy Norman's Nehru. The First Sixty rears (1965), the writings and correspondence of J. Nehru as contained in Independence and After (Delhi, 1949), India and the World (1936) and A Bunch qfold Letters (Bombay, 1958), S. C. Bose's Selected Speeches qf Subhas Chandra Bose (Gov. of India, 1962) and Rajendra Prasad's India Divided (3rd ed. 1947) - these are very useful for the 1930S and 1940s. On Sikhs K. Singh's A History qf the Sikhs, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1963, 1966) is authoritative and readable. Muslim Politics 1870-1947 S. A. Khan's An Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt (Calcutta, 1860) and W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans
BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 (1871) are the basic works causing a change in British policy towards the Muslims of India. W. C. Smith's Modern Islam in India (1946) provides an economic interpretation of Muslim politics. S. M. Ikram's Modern Muslim India and the Birth cif Pakistan (Lahore, 1965) provides biographical sketches of Muslim luminaries from Hali to Jinnah. R. A. Symonds's The Making cif Pakistan (1950) is a dispassionate study. Lal Bahadur's The Muslim League: Its history, activities and achievements (Agra, 1954), based on archival materials, and Ram Gopal's Indian Muslims: A political history 1858-1947 (1959), are biased but valuable general works on Muslim politics. Choudhry Khaliquzzaman's Pathway to Pakistan (1961) is a self-centred and apologetic work by a provincial Muslim leader personally involved in the high politics of Congress and the League. K. K. Aziz's Britain and Muslim India (London, 1963) concentrates mainly on the British attitude towards Muslim nationalism from 1857 to 1947. Jamil ud-din Ahmad's Speeches and writings cif Mr. Jinnah 2 vols. (Lahore, 1960, 1964) is an indispensable collection on the career ofjinnah from 1935 to 1948, C. M. Ali's The Emergence cif Pakistan (Columbia University Press, 1967) provides intimate details about the League block in the interim government of 1946-7. The author, then a financial adviser to the government, became the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956. Transfer cif Power 1945-7 V. P. Menon's The Transfer cif Power in India (Calcutta, 1957) and The Story cif the Integration cif the Indian States (first published 1956; cheap ed. Madras, 1961) are authoritative, accurate and dispassionate accounts by a high civil servant who played an important role in the great events of the last years of the Raj. Of the three works on the same theme E. W. R. Lumby's The Transfer cif Power in India, 1945-47 (1954), Michael Edwardes's The Last rears cif British India (1963) and L. Mosley's The Last Days cif the British Raj (1962), the last is by far the best in style and documentation though a little biased in the interpretation of Mountbatten's role. G. D. Khosla's Stern Reckoning; a survry cif the events
236 BIBLIOGRAPHY leading Up to and following the partition of India (New Delhi, 1949) mainly deals with the violence in the Punjab. Most valuable are the Papers delivered by participants in the Partition of India Seminar organised and presided over by Professor C. H. Philips at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. The papers concentrate on the period from 1935 to 1947. They are to be published shortly.
Index A b e l l, G e196,197 o ~, 1 8 7, Amrit BaQU Patrika, 39, 67 Acts of the Indian Legislature: Native Marriage, 16; Age of Consent, 16; Arms, 21; Widow Remarriage, 36; Explosive Substances, 71; Indian Press, 71; Defence of India, 103; Rowlatt, JIO Acts of Parliament: Government of India, 102, 109, 113, 116, 123, 136-g, 141-5, 153, 155, 174, 216; Indian Councils, 7, 72, 74-7; Independence, 204 Mghanistan,86, 120; Amir of, 59 Aga Khan, 67, 74, 82 Agriculturalists Party, 143 Ahmedabad, 13,95, 106, 133 Ajanta Caves, 27 Alexander, A. V., 177 Al-Hilal, 84 Ali, Ameer, 63, 74 Ali brothers, JII, JI3, JI4, JI5 Ali, Mohanuned, 84-7 Ali, Saukat, 86 Aligarh, 82, 85, 215; University, 59,85; College, 59, 60, 66, 82, 84,85; Muslim Movement, 6, 60,65-6, 213 AlIahabad, 14B; University, 15; Congress Session 1910,82 Allen, B. C., 70 All-India Convention (Dec. 1928), 126 All-India Radio, 203 All-India Trade Union Congress 1929,131 All-Parties Muslim Conference, 124 Ambedkar, Or B. R., 135 Amery, L. S., 158, 159 Amritsar: massacres of, 107, 110, I I I; Congress Session 1919, 108 Andaman Islands, 57 Angora, 121 Animists, 2 Anti-Partition Movement, Bengal, 47,63-5,68 Arabia, 56 Archbold, W. A.J., 60, 66 Armstrong, H. C., 143 Arnold, Sir Edwin, 27 Arya Samaj, 63, 121,213; foundation of, 32; membership of, 33 Assam, 47, 84, 142, 166, 177, 195, 196, 198, 203; Muslim League, 171; General Election 1945, 175; Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, 179,180, 183 Atlantic Charter, 161 Attlee, Clement, 152, 172, 176, 187-8, 191, 194, 19B, 200, 202, 203-4,216 Auchinleck, Sir Claude, 205 Ayerst, Lieutenant, 6g Azad, A. K., 84, 86, 146n., 152, 159,17,173,177,179,180,182 Azad Hind Radio, 165 Bacon, F., 28 Baksh, Allah, 154, 164, 166 Balkan States, 155 Balkan War, 85 Baluchistan, 144, 174, 196-7, 202, 204 Banaras, Maharaja of, 71 n. Banerjea, Sir Surendra Nath, 3g- 41,53,78, 1 4 Banerjee, Nandalal, 70 Banerji, Or R. D., 27
INDEX Bardoli, 1I5 Barelawi, Sayyid Ahmad, 57 Baroda, 2, 45 Beck, Theodore, 60--2 Belgium, 158 Bengal, 17, 29,33, 38-g, 40n., 51, 56-7, 63, 70, 84, 103, 119, 142, 144, 148, 154, 161, 164, 166, 170-1, 189, 196-200, 203-4; population and area, 2; land revenue, I I; partition of, 46-7, 49, 53, 65, 68, 82, 83; terrorism, Gg; non-co-operation movement, I 13; famine 1943-4, 168; General Election 1945, 175; Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, 178; Direct Action Day, 184 Bentinck,LordWilliam,4, 14,31 n. Berar, 113 Berlin, 165 Besant, Annie, 97, 101, 103 n., 104-5, 113-14; imprisonment, 99,100 Bethune,j. D., 38 Bevin, Ernest, 180 Bhopal, 206-7 Bihar, 2, 93, 119, 122, 142, 184, 196, 19B; non-co-operation movement, 113; civil disobedience, 166; General Election 1945, 174 Bilgrami, Nawab Sayyid Ali, 74 Blavatsky, Mdme, 34 Blunt, William, 44 Bolsheviks, 107 Bombay, 13,34,36,42,63,69, gb, 101, 105-6, 108, "5, "9, 142, 144-5, IGg, 176, 196; population and area, 2; University, 15; Hindu Reform Movements, 29. 33; political organisations, 40 n.; Medical Mission to Turkey, 85; Satyagrahas, 95; Congress Session 1915, 97; Congress Session 1918, 103, 104; non-co-operation movements, 1I3; separated from Sind, 124; All-India Congress Committee, 166, 182; General Election 1945, 174; High Court, 60; Legislative Council, 49 Base, Subhas Chandra, 127, 149, 165,174 Bradlaugh, Charles, 44 Brahmo Samaj, 31-2, 34 Britain, 35, 48, 83, 84, 97, 188, 210,212 British Commonwealth, 126-7, 199-200 British Empire, I, 17, 18, 37, 45,85,97,99-100 British Government, 47, 63, 82, 1I2, 130-1, 134, 136, 140, 142, 156, 158-62, 169, 172, 174, 183, 187, 202; General Elections 1945, 173 British India, 9, 45, 131, 133, 136-7, 141-2, 170, 178, 188; population and area, 2, 12; governmental structure, 4 British India Society, 38 British Indian Association, 38 British Parliament, 2, 4, 18, 23, 38-g, 44, 45, 62, 65, 67, 73, 100-1, 108, 110-11, 137, 155, 15g--60, 172, 187 British Parliamentary Delegation 1946,175 Brockman, Captain R. V., 191 n. Brussels, 127 Buddhists, percentage of population, 2 Burdwan, Maharaja of, 17 Burma, 15, Gg, 165, 174n., 19B Cabinet Mission 1946, 177--81, 186,195 Calcutta, 27, 41, 47, 70, 84, 86, 126, 177, 201; University, 15, 41, 75; Congress Session 1906, 48; Congress Session 1917, 100; Congress Session 1928, 126, 127; Direct Action Day, 184, 185 Caliph, 82, 85-6 Caliphate,83-4, 110-1 I, 120, 123
INDEX 239 Campbell-Johnson, Alan, Igl n. Canada, 73, 102-3 Canning, Charles, 1St Earl, Ig, 20 Cape Supreme Court, gl Central India, population, 2 Central National Mohammedan Association, 63 Central Provinces, Ilg, 142, Ig6; population and area, 2; nonco-operation movement, 113; General Election I 945, 174 Ceylon,15 Chamberlain, Sir Austen, 100 Chamberlain, Neville, 158 Champaran, 93:-4 Chatterji, Barkimchandra, 51, 68 Chauri Chaura, 115 Chenab Colony, 6g Chiang Kai-shek, General, 161 Chicago, 34 China, 149, 161 Christian Missionaries, 17,28 Christianity,17-18,26,28-33 Christians, 17, 31, 83, 109, 170; percentage of total population, 2 Church Missionary Society, 17 Cross, Richard Assheton, 20 Crum, Lt-Colonel V. F. Erskine, Igl n. Curzon, Lord, g-io, 20-1, 26-7, 46-7,68, 100; as an imperialist, 1,3 Czechoslovakia, 147 Dacca, 40, 67; Nawab of, 66 Dalhousie, Lord, 4,14,18 Dandi, salt march, 133 Darjeeling,lg8 Das, C. R., 110, 114,121-3 Dayanand, 35, 46,121 n., 213 Defence Association, 41 Delhi, 106, 121, 161, 174-5, 178, 184, 187, 18g, IgI, 200, 203, 205, 20g; VVar Conference, June Ig18, g6; Congress Manifesto Ig2g, 131; Delhi Durbar IgII,83 Dharbhanga, 45; Malraraja of, 71 Dharma Sabha, 34 Digby, VVilliam, 44 Dravidians, Ig8 Dufferin,Lord,g, 20,42,45 C h u r c h i l l 138,, V152,158- V ~ t o n Dunkirk,, 158 159, 161, 163, 168, 172, 187--a Dyer, General Reginald, 107, I I I Civil Disobedience Movement, 105-7, 122, 132, I 34-Q, 157, East Bengal, 67, 203-5; Hindu- 160, 166; April Iglg, 112; Muslim riots, 65, 184 Bardoli, 115; Punjab, 188 East India Company, 8, 58 Communalism, 118-20, 136, 142- East Pakistan, 202:-3 143, 145, 147, 215; Hindu, 123, East Punjab, 177, 18g, Ig5-7, 126; Muslim, 150 204-5 Constituent Assembly, 149, 180- Edward VII, King, 212 182, 186-7, Ig4, Ig6, 200, 202, Egyptians, 107 20g Elgin, Lord, 20-1 Corfield, Sir Conrad, 206 Ellenborough, Lord, Ig Cornwal1is, Lord, I I England, 2, Ig, 43, 59, 70, 88, Cotton, Sir Henry, 44, 60 102,11 1,163, 16g Council of State, 109, 139 English education, 14, 16 Cow Protection Movement, 63 English legal system, 5-Q Crete, 85 Europe,82,100, 103, 149,152 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 152, 161-g, 168, 172, 181, 188; as a political Famine, 11-12 theorist, 177; 1942 plan, 162. Famine Commission of 1880, 12 165, ISo, 216 Far East, 149
INDEX Fazl-i-Hussain, 144 Fazl-ul-Haq, A. K., 144, 148, 154, 164,166,170 Federal Legislature, 139 Federation ofindia, 139-40 Female infanticide, 16 First World War, 97 France, 158,210 Fraser, Sir Andrew, 70 Frere, Sir Bartle, 5 n., 6-7 Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, 63-5 Gandhi, Mrs Indira, 193 n. Gandhi, M. K., 50, 92,103,106-7, IIo-II, II9, 127, 131-2, 141-2, 149, 152, 154, 156-7, 159-00, 165, 172, 180, 182n., 185-6, 188, 193-4, 213, 215; emergence of, 81; speech in Calcutta 1915, 86; life and career of, 87, 88, 89; in South Mrica, 90-1; at Motihari, 93; nonviolent resistance, 94; Ahmedabad cotton dispute, 95; national politics, 96, 105; nonco-operation movement, I 12- II3, II5; as Congress Leader, II4; imprisonment, II6, 122, 134; Dandi salt march, 133; second Round Table Conference, 135; meeting with Wavell, 167-8; meeting with Jinnah, 169 Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931,134 Ganpati,63 Gaya, 122 George V, King, 108 Germans, 147 Germany, 86, 103, 149, 158, 165, 172 Ghadr Party, 9 Ghose, Aurobindo, 51,70 Ghose, Motilal, 39 Ghose, Rash Bihari, 52 Ghose, Sisar Kumar, 39-40, 168 Gita, 27-8,46, 88 Gladstone, W. E., 23 Gliddon, G. R., 22 Gobineau, Count, 22 Gokhale, G. K., 37, 48-51, 65, 72-5, 78,83, 92, 97, 119 Gorakphur, II5 Great Britain, 86 Greek, 27, 30 Gujerat,87 Gupta, K. G., 74 Halifax, Lord, 138. See also Irwin, Lord Hamilton, Lord George, 9, 21 Hardie, Keir, 44 Hare, L., 64, 66 High Courts, 4-6, 56, 75 Highgate, London, 70 Hindi,30 Hinduism, 2, 17, 28, 30-2, 34-5, 50,57,83,88,121 Hindu Dharma Vyayasthapaka Mandali,34 Hindu Mahasabha, 34, 119, 150 Hindus, 17, 20, 28-33, 36, 47, 55-7, 60-5, 68, 72, 75-6, 78, 82, 90, 96, 106, 109, 115, 119, 121, 123, 126, 140, 142, 143, 154-5, 170, 173, 188, 189, 209, 213; percentage of total population, 2; religious conflicts with Muslims, II7-18; Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, 179 Hindustani, 114 Hitler, Adolf, 152 Holland, 158,210 Home Rule League, 99, 101 House of Commons, 45, 100, I II, 138,172,176,202,204 House of Lords, I I I Hughli river, 13 Hume, Allan Octavian, 41-3, 60-61 Hume,Joseph,41 Huns, 100 Hunter, Lord, 108 Hunter, W. W., 57 Hunter Committee, lob, 1 I 1 Hyderabad, 74, 139, 206, 207, 208; area, 2, 56; Nizam of, 59
INDEX Ilbert, Sir Courtenay, lzl IlbertBill, lzl, 41 India (journal), 44 Indian Army, 3, 58, 6g, 174n.; organisation of, 10 Indian Association, 40-1 Indian Civil Service, 39-40, 43, 45, 51, 60, 74, 85, 167, lz04; administration of, 9; personnel, 10 Indian League, 39-40 Indian National Army, 174, 176 Indian National Congress, 43, 45-46, 49-50, 55, 60-4, 66, 7lZ--6, 78-g, 81-2, 84, 92, 96, 101, II6--17, 123-5, 127, 131, 133, 135--6, 141-2, 145--6, 148-50, 153-9,161-3, 165,168-74,176-- 177, 184--6, 188-g, 194-5, 197, ~! O207, 3, 214-16; birtb of, 4lZ; objects, 43-4; Calcutta Session 1906, 47-8; Surat Session 1907,52-3; growtb of violence, 68; Constitution of April 1908, 97; Bombay Session 1915, 98; Lucknow Pact, 99; Bombay Session 19 I 8, 103-4; British Committee of, 44; All-India Congress Committee, 166, 182; Amritsar Session 1919, 108, 110; Calcutta Session 1919, II3; Jinnah quits, 114; divided, 120; Gaya (Bibar) Session 1922, 122; Calcutta Session 1928, 126; Lahore Session 1929, 132; elections of 1936, 143; on August Offer 1940, 160; on Cripps Offer, 164; resolution of 6 July 1942, 166; civil disobedience, 167; General Election 1945, 175; Cabinet Mission 1946, 178-83; Mountbatten Plan, 200, 202 Indian Princes, 10, 18, 45, 133, 136--7, 150, 206--7; protection of,3 Indian Sociologist, 70 Indian States, 3-4, 18, 131, 133, 136--7, 139, I 78-g, lz03-4, 206-207; division of, lz; Cripps proposals, 162; Instrument of Accession, 207 Indore, Raja of, 206--7 Iqbal, Dr Muhammad, 144 Ireland,68 Irwin, Lord, 130-1, 134 Islam, 29, 32-3, 55, 57, 85, 121, 123, 148, 153 Ismay, Lord, 196--7 Italy,82,158 Jainism,87 Jains,2 Jalianwala Bagh, 107 Jama Masjid, 106 Japan, 68, 161-2, 165--6, 172, 174n., 203 Jats, 33 Jayakar, M. R., 52n., 126 Jews,2 Jhansi, Rani of, 18 Jinnah, Fatima, 193 n. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 97, 101, 104, IIO, II3, 122, 124, 144-5, 147-50, 152--6, 159--61, 163-73, 175, 181, 185-8, 193n., 194-197, 202-3, 205, 208-g, 216; joins League, 98; leaves Congress, 114; temporary exit from politics, 126; in London, 137, 143; meeting witb LinIitbgow, 157; General Election 1945, 174; Cabinet Mission 1946, 177-9, 182-3; Mountbatten Plan, 201 Jinnah, Ruttenbai, 124 Jodhpur,207 Johnson, Colonel, 161-3 Joint Defence Council, 205 Jones, Sir William, 27, 30 Junagadh, 207-8 Justice Party, 143 KaIidasa, 27, 30 Kanpur,85 Karachi, 176,201 n., lz05, $log
INDEX Kashmir, 139, 16g, 207-8; population and area, 2 Kathiawar,88 Kemal Atatiirk, 120, 143 Kennedy, Miss and Mrs, 70 Kesari,7 1 Khaira,95 Khaksars, 20 I n. Khaliquzzaman, Choudhry, 146, 153 Khalistan, 198 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, 204 n. Khan, Abdul Qaiyam, 173, 204 Khan, Kizar Hayat, 167, 169-70, 188-g Khan, LiaquatAli, 144, 186n. Khan, Nawab Mehdi Ali, 66 Khan Saheb, Dr, 171 Khan, Sir Sikandar Hayat, 148, 154, 167 Khan, Syed Ahmad, 6-7, 5 7 ~ 2, 81, 21 3, 21 5 Khaparde, G. S., 52 n. Khilafat, 114, 120; Movement, 117, 215; Committee, 2n., 123, 124 Khoja,12 Kimberley, Lord, 9 Kingsford, D. H., 70 Kolhapur, 45 Koran, 143 Kripalani,J. B., 202 Krishak Proja Party, 170 Krishnavarma, Shyarnaji, 70 Lahore, 33, 155, 169 Lenin, V. I., 89 Liberal Federation, 116 Linlithgow, Lord, 138, 149, 152, 154-5, 157-g, 167-8, 195,216 Liverpool, 65 London, 4, 8, 40, 62, 70, 73, 82, 88, 100, 130, 133, 135, 137, 144, 153, 163, 168, 170, 171, 187, 191,196,200 Lucknow, 82, 97 Lucknow Pact, g8-g Lytton, Lord, 19 Macaulay, T. B., 14 MacDonald, James Ramsay, 44, 128, 135 Madras, 26 n., 29, 33-4, 60, 99, 105, 109, 119, 122, 142-3, 196; population and area, 2; land revenue, 11; University, 15; army, 27; political associations, 40n., General Election 1945, 174 Maine, Sir Henry, 5 n., 23 Malabar, 114 Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 78, 114,126 Malaya, 165 Mandalay, 6g Marshall, Sir John, 27 Mane:, Karl, 8g Mayo, Lord,21,23,57 Mehta, Sir Phirozshah, 89, 97 Menon, V. P., 195, 199-200, 206-8; Menon-Mountbatten Plan,202 Middle classes, 7-8, 14, 19-20, 26, 28, 36, 40-1, 45, 62, 94, 106, 116, 136, 213; education of, 16; emergence of, 37; entrance into politics, 38; Bengali, 39; Hindu, 55, 57, 60-1; Muslim, 55, 56, 76, 83-4, 96-7, 105, 113, 152-5, 201,214,216 Mieville, Sir Eric, 191 n. Mill,J. S., 19 Milton,John,28 Minto, Lord, 47-8, 63-8, 71, 73, 7 5 78 ~, Mohammedan Defence Association, 62 Mohenjo Daro, 27 Mohsin-ul-Mulk, 66, 82 Montagu, Edwin, 10Q-2 Montagu-Chehnsford Anglo-Oriental Report, 102-4 Moplah, 114, 116 Morison, T., 60 Morley, John, 49, 64-7, 72-4, 76,,8
INDEX 243 ~ o n r i1rheodore,85 s o n, ~ o s c1'27 o w, ~ o t i h93 a r i, ~ o u n t b Lady, a t t 193 e n, Mountbatten, Lord, 15'2, 188--g, 191,193-'200,'20'2-5,'207-10 Mountbatten, Pamela, 193 Mueller, Max F., '27 Mukherjee, Ashutosh, 75 Multan,40 Munro, Sir Thomas, 11, '23 Muslim League, 76, 79, 8'2, 84, 86, 97, 101, 11'2, 119, 124, 139, 144-50, 15'2, 156--61, 164, 166-170, 17'2-3, 176-7, 184-6, 188--g, 195, '203, '214-16; birth of, 55, 66, 71; objects of, 67; politics of, 81; 1915 Session, Bombay, 98; Amritsar Session 1919, 110; Calcutta Session 19'28, 1'26; Elections of 1936, 143; Assembly at Lahore 1940, 155; General Election 1945, 174-5; Cabinet ~ i s s Plan i o n 1946, 179, 181, 183; Mountbatten Plan, 200 Muslixns, 20, 33, 37, 55-65, 68, 72, 78, 81, 83-6, go, 96, 98-g, 106, log, 11 1-13, 115, 117-'21, 1'23-6, 133, 140, 14'2-4, 146-8, 150, 153, 158, 168, 170-1, 181, 19B, 209, '213; percentage of total population, '2; in Assam, 47; separate electorates, 75; on legislative councils, 77; Cabinet ~ i s s iplan o n 1946, 179; riots in Punjab, 189 Mutiny, 1857, 3, 5-7, 15-18, 20, 38-g, 56-7, 69, 117, '21'2; army policy, 10; causes of, 58-g; impact of, 19 Muzzafarpur, bomb case, 70-1 Mysore, population and area, 2, 139 Nagas,198 Nagpur, 13,5'2,8'2,113 Nana Saheb, 18 Nanda, N., 14'2n. Naoroji, Dadabhai, 43-5, 48 Natal,go National Conference, 41 National Defence Council, 161 National Liberation Federation, 104 Near East, 83 Nehru, Jawarharlal, I I I, 114-16, 119,13'2,134,140-1,143-5,147-50, 15'2, 154, 157, 159, 16'2, 165, 171,180,18'2, 184-7,193-6,199-200, 203, 206, '215; entry into Congress politics, 1'27; elected President, 131; imprisonment, 138; election tour 1936, 14'2; with Wavell, 167; Cabinet Mission Plan, 183; at Simla, 198; Menon - Mountbatten Plan, '20'2; Independence Day speech, '209 Nehru, Motilal, 114, 116, 119, 1'21-3, 1'25, 1'27 Nehru Committee, 1'25-6; Report, 1'27 Nevinson,H. W.,44 New York, 70 New Tork Herald, 35 Noakhali, 184 Nomani, Shibli, 84-5 Non-co-operation Movement, 112-16, 1'20-1 Northbrook, Lord 1rhomas, '20 North-West Frontier Province, 86, 1Ig-'20, 124, 142, 144, 164, 168, 171, 173, 188, 195-8, 203-204; population and area, 2; General Election 1945, 175; Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, 178,180, 183 North-Western tprovinces, 56-7, 61, 63; population and area, 2 Nott,J. C., 22 Olcott, Colonel, 34n. Orissa, 2, 142; General Election 1945,174, 196, 19B Oudh,18
INDEX Oxford, 27, 85 Pakistan, 75, 97, II9, 144, 152, 156, 15g-60, 167, 169, 171, 173-5, 183, 1 8 7 194-201, ~, 203-5, 208, 210; Lahore resolution, 155; Cripps proposals, 162-4; Cabinet Mission 1946, 177-&; inauguration of, 209 Pal, Bipin Chandra, 51 Pan-Islamism, 84, 96 Paris,70 Parliament of religions, 34 Parsis,2, 12, 150, 170, 185 Partition Council, 205 Pate!, Maniben, 193 n. Pate!, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 95, 119, 134, 141, 152, 176, 180-1, 182n., 193n., 195, 199, 202, 206-8 Pathans, Ig8, 204n. Pearl Harbor, 161 Persia, 84 Pethick-Lawrence, Lord, 172, 177, 181 Pondicherry,51 Poona Pact, 135 n. Porbandar, 87-8 Portugal,155 Prasad, Rajendra, 119, 141, 149. 191,209 Privy Council, 4 Provisional Government of Free India, Berlin, 165 Punjab, 17, 26n., 33-4, 57, 69, 72, 103, 109, 11g-20, 122, 142, 144, 148, 154, 161, 164, 167-8, 171, 188, 196-7, 199-200, 203-204; population and area, 2; patriarchal system, 6; Muslims, 56, 61; Arya Samajist Movement, 63; massacres, 107-8, I I I ; non-eo-operation movement, II3; General Election 1945, 174; Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, 178; communal riots, 184, 18g; Colonisation Bill, 69; Provincial Hindu Sabha, 72; University, 15 Radeliffe, Sir Cyri!, 205 Rai, Lajpat, 33n., 52, 69, 71, 75, 114 Railways, 14 Rajagopalachari, C., 105, 121, 164, 16g, 209n. Rajpal, Mahashe, 121 n. Rajputana, population, 2 Ramkrishna Paramahamsa, 34 Ranade, M. G., 30n. Rand, W. C., 6g Rangoon, 161 Ratcliff, S. K., 44 Reading, Lord, 114 Richards, Robert, 175 Ripon, Lord, 22 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 161-2, 165 Round Table Conferences, 131-135, 140 Rowlatt, Mr,Justice, 102 RowlattBills, 105 Rowlatt Committee, 102, 104 Roy, Rammohan, 28,30-1,34 Royal Indian Navy, 176 Royal Proclamation, I 10 Russia, I, 68, 84, 127 Rutherford, Dr V. H., 44 R yotwari, 11 Sanatan Dharma Sabha, 34 Sandhya,70 San Francisco, 103 Sangthan Movement, 121 S ~ t, 2 2, 2 7, 2 9 Sapru, Tej Bahadur, 104 Saraswati, Dayanand, 32-3 Sastri, Srinivasa, 65-6,104,172 Sati,4, 28, 31,34 Satyagraha, 92, 95, 105, 107, 112-13, 115-16, 127, 133, 160; in South Africa, 91; Committee, 105 Savarkar, V. D., 70 Sec;ond World War, 137, 152, 168
INDEX Secretary of State for India, 8, 20,49,64,68,72, 100, 153, 158, 172, 177, 184; Council of, 4, 74 Sen, K. C., 31--2, 35 Sevres, Treaty of, I11 Shaffi, Sir Muhammad, 125 n. Shakespeare, William, 28, 30 Shakuntala, 27 Shoiapur,13 Shraddhanand, Swami, 106, 121 Sikhs, 2, 33, 57, 102, 109, 142, 188, 189,lgB,200, 203 Sikhism,33 Simla, 66, 16g-71, 173, 19B, 216; Cabinet Mission, 178 Simon, Sir john, 124 Simon Commission, 130 Sind, 2, 27, 119, 124, 134, 142-144, 1540 164, 166, 171, 196-7, 202, 204; General Election 1945, 175; Cabinet Mission Plan, 178; Direct Action Day, 184 Singapore, 161 Singh, Ajit, 69 Singh, Baldev, 200, 202-3 Singh, Tara, 189 Sinha, S. P., 75 Sivaji,62 Smith, Dunlop, 66 Smuts, General, 91 South Africa, 86, 90--2, 96, 105 South-East Asia, 103, 174n., 210 Spain,155 Stephen, Sir james, 23 Strachey, Sir john, 9 Suddhi Movement, 33, 121 Suhrawardy,Shaheed, 184 Surat, 52, 96, 115 Swaraj Party, 122-3 Switzerland, 2 Syihet, 203-4 Tagore, Debendranath, 31 Tagore, Rabindranath, 9 Taj Mahal Hotel, 98 Taluqdars, 11, 18, 19 Tamil,26n. Tanzim, 120 Tata,jamshed,45 Terrorist Movement, 6g Terrorist Samities, 69 Theosophical Society, 34 Tilak, B. G., 37, 47, 51-3, 62, 68, 98, 101, 10g-IO, 113-14, 119; imprisonment, 50, 71, 97; Home Rule Movements, 99 Tilak Swaraj Fund, 121 Times, The, 74, 99 Tod,james,27 Tojo, General, 165 Transvaal, 91 Travancore,2,206,207 Treaty of London, 85 Tripoli, 82 Turkey, 82-6,9h 120 Turkish Empire, 81 Tyabji, Badruddin, 60-1 Ulema Party, 146 Unionist Party, 142, 167, 170 United Indian Patriotic Association,62 United Provinces, 84, 115, 119, 142--6, 148, 152-3, 196, 201-2; non-co-operation movement, 113; civil disobedience, 166; General Election 1945, 174 Untouchables, 36, 83, 135, 150, 185 Upanishads, 28, 30 U.S.A., 35, 102, 161 Vedanta,35 Vedas, 28, 32, 46 Victoria, Queen, 18, 212 Viqar-ul-Mulka, 82 Vivekenanda, Swami, 28, 34-6, 46 Wahhabi Movement, 56, 57 Wahhabis,57 Wales, 2; Prince of, 74,115,156 War Advisory Council, 160 Wavell, Lord, 152, 167-9, 171, 173, 184-8,193,195,216
INDEX Webb, Alfred, 44 Wedderburn, Sir William, 44, 60, 72,82 West Bengal, 47, 177, 189, 195-7, 204-5 West Pakistan, 202, 209 West Punjab, 204-5 Widow Remarriage Association, 34 Willingdon, Lord, 136, 138 Wood, Sir Charles, 7, 20 Young Turks Movement, 83 rugantar, 7 Yule, George, 44 Zamindary Association, 38 Zetland,Lord,153-4,158