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Annex I. International missions in 2012 UN peace missions (16 PKO, 1 PO/PKO, 12 PO and PBO) 1 Country (start-end of armed conflict) 2 Mission and type (initial mandate resolution) 3 Beginning end of mission 4 AFRICA Central Africa UNOCA (PO), United Nations Regional Office in Central Africa, S/2010/457 (2011) March 2011 West Africa UNOWA (PO), United Nations Office in West Africa, S/2001/1128 and S/2001/1129 (2002) January 2002 Burundi (1993-2006) (2011-) BNUB 5 (PO), United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi, S/RES/1959 (2011) January 2011 Central African Rep. (1996-2000) (2002-2003) (2006-) BINUCA (PBO), 6 United Nations Integrated Office in the Central African Republic, S/PRST/2009/5 (2009) April 2009 Côte d Ivoire (2002-2007)(2011) UNOCI 7 (PKO), United Nations Operation in Côte d Ivoire, S/RES/1528 (2004) April 2004 DR Congo (1998-) Guinea Bissau (1998-1999) MONUSCO 8 (PKO), United Nations Stabilization Mission in DR Congo, S/RES/1925 (2010) UNIOGBIS 9 (PBO), United Nations Peace-Building Support Office in Guinea- Bissau, S/RES/1876 (2010) July 2010 January 2010 Liberia (1989-2005) UNMIL (PKO), United Nations Mission in Liberia, S/RES/1509 September 2003 Libya (2011-) UNSMIL (PO), United Nations Support Mission in Libya, S/RES/2009 (2011) September 2011 Morocco Western Sahara (1975-1991) Sierra Leone (1991-2001) MINURSO (PKO), United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara, S/RES/690 (1991) UNIPSIL 10 (PBO), United Nations Peace-building Office in Sierra Leone, S/RES/1829 September 1991 October 2008 Somalia (1988-) UNPOS 11 (PO), United Nations Political Office in Somalia, S/RES/954 April 1995 Sudan (Darfur) (2003-) UNAMID 12 (PKO), United Nations and African Union Mission in Darfur, S/RES/1769 (2007) July 2007 Sudan South Sudan UNISFA (PKO), United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei, S/RES/1990 (2011) June 2011 South Sudan (2009-) UNMISS (PKO) 13, United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan, S/RES/1996 (2011) July 2011 1. Peace-Keeping Operation (PKO), Political Office Mission (PO) and Peace-Building Operation (PBO). The figures given are based on ongoing UN missions during 2012 and therefore do not include representatives, envoys or special advisers, or personal envoys that are not associated to a specific mission. The political mission UNAMA (Afghanistan) is led and backed by the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, for which reason it is counted as a PO/PKO hybrid mission. 2. The start and end dates of conflicts are based on the data in Chapter 1 (Armed Conflicts). In cases of ended armed conflicts, which are therefore not included in Chapter 1, dates are those accepted by the academic community. 3. This annex lists the dates of armed conflicts in which the mandate is clearly linked to the armed conflict, although it is possible that there have been previous cycles of violence. 4. In italics, the missions closed or duties completed in 2012. 5. It replaces the BINUB political operation from 1st January 2011, which in turn had replaced the ONUB peacekeeping mission in January 2007. This was preceded by the AU mission (AMIB) which was integrated into the ONUB in June 2004. 6. It replaces BONUCA, created in February 2000, which in turn had replaced the MINURCA peacekeeping mission (1998-2000) (PKO), which was established after the armed conflict started in 1996. In a parallel way, the MINURCAT peacekeeping mission, present in the east of Chad and the northeast of the Central African Republic, culminated its withdrawal in December 2010. 7. There was previously a UN political mission (MINUCI, S/RES/1479) from May 2003, which included the 1,300 soldiers from ECOWAS (ECOMICI, ECOWAS Mission in Côte d Ivoire) to April 2004, supported by 4,000 French soldiers (Operation Licorne). 8. It replaces the UN peacekeeping mission in DR Congo, MONUC, which had been present in the country since November 1999. 9. It replaces UNOGBIS, which had been present in the country since March 1999. 10. UNOMSIL (1998-1999) (PKO), UNAMSIL (1999-2005) (PKO), UNIOSIL (2006-2008) (PBO). 11. UNOSOM I (1992-1993), UNITAF (1992-1993, USA with mandate from the UN Security Council), UNOSOM II (1993-1995) (PKO). S/ RES/954 established the closure of UNOSOM II and stated that the UN would continue observing events in Somalia through a Political Office based in Kenya. 12. The AU mission, AMIS, set up in 2004, has been integrated in the new joint mission UNAMID. It is a hybrid mission of the AU and the UN, with a single command. 13. The UNMIS mandate culminated on 9th July after the interim period established by the Sudanese government and the SPLM in the overall Peace Agreement reached on 9th January 2005 had come to an end. Nevertheless, the UN Security Council determined that the situation in South Sudan continued to be a threat for peace and security in the region, and decided to set up UNMISS for an initial period of one year, starting its task on 9th July. The functions of the political mission UNAMIS (set up in 2004) were transferred to UNMIS under S/RES/1590 of March 2005. Annex I. International missions in 2012 217
AMERICA Haiti (2004-2005) MINUSTAH (PKO), United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, S/RES/1542 (2004) June 2004 ASIA Central Asia Afghanistan 14 (2001-) India Pakistan (1947-48) 15 UNRCCA (PO), United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy in Central Asia, S/2007/279 UNAMA (PO/PKO), United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, S/RES/1401 (2002), S/RES/1662 (2006), S/RES/1746 (2007) UNMOGIP 16 (PKO), United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan, S/RES/91 (1951) May 2007 March 2002 January 1949 Timor-Leste (1975-1999) UNMIT (PKO), United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste, S/RES/1704 August 2006 EUROPE Cyprus (1963-1964) UNFICYP (PKO), United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, S/RES/186 March 1964 Serbia Kosovo (1998-1999) UNMIK (PKO), United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, S/RES/1244 MIDDLE EAST June 1999 Iraq (2003-) UNAMI (PO), United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq, S/RES/1546 (2004) August 2003 Israel Palestine (1948-) 17 UNSCO 18 (PO), United Nations Special Coordinator Office for the Middle East June 1994 Israel Syria (Golan Heights) (1967, 1973) 19 Israel Lebanon (1978, 1982, 2006) 20 Lebanon Middle East (1948-) UNDOF (PKO), United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, S/RES/350 (1974) UNIFIL (PKO), United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, S/RES/425 -SRES/426 (1978) S/RES/1701 (2006) UNSCOL (PO), Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon, S/2008/236 and S/2008/237 (2008) UNTSO (PKO), United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine, S/RES/50 (1948) June 1974 March 1978 February 2007 June 1948 Syria (2011-) UNSMIS (OMP), United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria, S/RES/2043 (2012) April August 2012 OSCE MISSIONS (16 missions) 21 CENTRAL ASIA Kazakhstan OSCE Centre in Astana, PC.DEC/797, 21/06/07, previously OSCE centre in Almaty (PC.DEC/243, 23/07/98) July 1998 Kyrgyzstan OSCE Centre in Bishek, PC.DEC/245, 23/07/98 January 1999 Tajikistan (1992-1997) OSCE office in Tajikistan, PC.DEC/852, 19/06/08, 22 previously OSCE centre in Dushanbe (1994) February 1994 14. The current phase of the armed conflict suffered by the country began with the attacks by the USA and United Kingdom in October 2001, although the country has been in armed conflict since 1979. 15. On three occasions (1947-1948, 1965, 1971) the two countries have clashed, both claiming sovereignty over the Kashmir region, divided between India, Pakistan and China. Since 1989, the conflict has moved into the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. 16. UNIPOM (1965-1966) (PKO). 17. Although the armed conflict began in 1948, this report analyses only the last phase of the conflict, which corresponds to the 2nd Intifada, which began in September 2000. 18. UNEF I (1956-1967) (PKO), UNEF II (1973-1979) (PKO). 19. This lists the dates for which the mandate of the mission is clearly linked to the conflict, although there have been previous cycles of violence between the parties. 20. The annex provides the dates for which the mandate of the mission is clearly linked to the conflict, although there have been previous cycles of violence between the parties. In this case, the forces of Israel and Lebanon fought in the war of 1948, but the UNIFIL mission was not established until after the first Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1978. Its mandate has been changing according to new cycles of violence that have occurred, especially because of the second invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and the war between Israel and Hezbollah in 2006. 21. The number of missions excludes special representatives not associated with OSCE missions, centres or projects. 22. The OSCE deployed in February 1994 the OSCE Mission in Tajikistan, which was renamed as the OSCE Centre in Dushanbe in October 2002. Finally, in June 2008 the OSCE Permanent Council changed the name and mandate for its presence in the country, and established the OSCE Office in Tajikistan. Its new mandate includes activities to assist the country in developing strategies to address threats to its security and stability, conflict prevention and crisis management, among others. However, there is no reference to the armed conflict that the country experienced between 1992 and 1997. 218 Alert 2013
Turkmenistan OSCE Centre in Ashgabat, PC.DEC/244, 23/07/98 January 1999 Uzbekistan OSCE Project Coordinator in Uzbekistan, PC.DEC/734, 30/06/06 July 2006 EASTERN EUROPE AND CAUCASUS Armenia OSCE Office in Yerevan, PC.DEC/314, 22/07/99 February 2000 Azerbaijan OSCE Office in Baku, PC.DEC/318, 16/11/99 July 2000 Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) (1991-1994) Personal Representative of Chairman-in-office on the Conflict dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference, CIO 10/08/95 August 1995 Moldova, Rep. (Transdniestria) (1992) OSCE Mission to Moldova CSO DEC, 04/02/93 April 1993 Ukraine OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine, 23 PC.DEC/295 01/06/99 July1999 SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) OSCE Presence in Albania, PC.DEC/ 160, 27/03/97; updated by PC.DEC/588, 18/12/03 OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina, MC/5/DEC 18/12/95 April 1997 December 1995 Macedonia, FYR (2001) OSCE Mission to Skopje, 15-CSO/Journal No. 2, Annex 1, 14/08/92; PC. DEC/457, 21/12/01; PC.DEC/977, 16/12/10 September 1992 Montenegro OSCE Mission to Montenegro, PC.DEC/732, 29/06/06 24 June 2006 Serbia OSCE Mission to Serbia, PC.DEC/733, 29/06/06 25 June 2006 Serbia Kosovo (1998-1999) OMIK (OSCE Mission in Kosovo), PC.DEC/305, 01/07/99 July 1999 NATO Missions (five missions) 26 Europe Mediterranean Sea Operation Active Endeavour October 2001 Horn of Africa Operation Ocean Shield, Atlantic North Council 17/08/09 27 August 2009 Afghanistan (2001-) ISAF, S/RES/1386 20/12/01 28 August 2003 Iraq (2003-) Serbia Kosovo (1998-1999) NTIM-I, NATO Training Implementation Mission in Iraq, S/RES/1546 KFOR, S/RES/1244 10/06/99 and Military Technical Accord between NATO, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia August 2004 December 2011 June 1999 Somalia (1998-) NATO assistance to AMISOM 29 June 2007 EU operations (17 missions) 30 EUROPE AND ASIA Afghanistan (2001-) 31 EUPOL AFGHANISTAN, EU Police Mission for Afghanistan, Council Joint Action 2007/369/CFSP June 2007 23. It replaced the OSCE Mission in Ukraine (1994-1999) devoted to managing the crisis in Crimea. 24. It was established as a result of the independence of Montenegro from Serbia in June 2006. 25. The OSCE mission in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, PC/DEC 401, 11/01/01, became OmiSaM (OSCE Mission in Serbia and Montenegro), PC.DEC 533, 13/02/03, and, finally, became the OSCE Mission in Serbia in 2006. 26. NTIM-I completed its mandate in December 2011, so it does not take it into account for the final number of missions in 2012. 27. The Ocean Shield Operation replaced two previous operations to combat piracy activities: Allied Provider Operation (October December 2008) and Allied Protector Operation (March June 2009). 28. The UN Security Council Resolution authorised the ISAF deployment for the first time. Successive resolutions renewed its mandate. NATO assumed the mission leadership in August 2003. 29. NATO has carried out other interventions to support the EU, including the operation to assist the AU mission to Sudan (AMIS), started in 2005 and ended in 2007. NATO has also offered support to the hybrid mission in the Sudanese region of Darfur (UNAMID). 30. Although the mission in Mali begins its term in 2013, it is taken into account for the count for 2012.The total number of missions excludes special representatives that are not associated to a concrete EU mission. In the first days of 2013 the EU had 10 special representatives in Central Asia, Southern Caucasus, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, African Union, Horn of Africa, the Southern Mediterranean region, Sudan South Sudan and the Middle East. 31. The current phase of the armed conflict suffered by the country began with the attacks by the USA and United Kingdom in October 2001, although the country has been involved in armed conflict since 1979. Annex I. International missions in 2012 219
Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) Georgia Russia (2008) Kosovo (1998-1999) Moldova Ukraine Horn of Africa Congo, DR (1998-) Congo, DR (1998-) EUPM, EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Joint Action 2002/210/CFSP EUFOR ALTHEA 32, EU Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Council Joint Action 2004/570/CFSP EUMM, EU Monitoring Mission in Georgia, Council Joint Action 2008/736/CFSP and 2008/759/CFSP EULEX KOSOVO, EU Mission for the Rule of Law in Kosovo, Council Joint Action 2008/124/CFSP EUBAM, EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine, Council Joint Action 2005/776/CFSP AFRICA EUCAP NESTOR, European Union Mission on Regional Maritime Capacity Building in the Horn of Africa, Council Decision 2012/389/CFSP EUPOL DR Congo, EU Police Mission in DR Congo, Council Joint Action 2007/405/CFSP EUSEC DR Congo, Security Sector Aid and Reform Mission in DR Congo, Joint Action 2005/355/CFSP January 2003 June 2012 December 2004 October 2008 December 2008 November 2005 July 2012 July 2007 June 2005 Mali (north) (2012) EUTM, EU Training Mission in Mali, Council Conclusion, 17/01/13 January 2013 Niger EUCAP SAHEL Niger, Council Decision 2012/392/CFSP July 2012 Somalia (1988-) Somalia (1988-) South Sudan (2009) Iraq (2003-) Israel Palestine (1948-) 33 Israel Palestine (1948-) 34 EU NAVFOR Somalia Operation ATALANTA, S/RES/1816 (2008), S/RES/1838 (2008), Council Joint Action 2008/749/CFSP and 2008/851/CFSP EUTM Somalia, EU military mission to contribute to the training of Somali Security Forces, 2010/96/CFSP EUAVSEC South Sudan, European Union Aviation Security CSDP Mission in South Sudan, Council Decision 2012/312/CFSP, 18/06/12 MIDDLE EAST EUJUST LEX/Iraq, Integrated EU Mission for the Rule of Law in Iraq, Council Joint Action 2005/190/CFSP EUBAM Rafah, Border Assistance Mission at Rafah Crossing Point, Council Joint Action 2005/889/CFSP EUPOL COPPS, 35 EU Police Mission for the Palestinian Territories, Council Joint Action 2005/797/CFSP December 2008 April 2010 October 2012 July 2005 November 2005 January 2006 OAS (three missions) Belize and Guatemala OAS General Secretariat s Office in the Adjacency Zone February 2003 Colombia (1964-) OAS Mission to support the peace process in Colombia (OAS/MAPP), CP/RES/859 February 2004 Colombia (1964-) and Ecuador OAS Good Offices mission in Equator and Colombia, RC.25/Res.1/08 Corr.2 March 2008 ECOWAS (Economic Comunity of West African States) (two missions) Guinea Bissau ECOMIB, ECOWAS Mission in Guinea Bissau May 2012 Mali (north) (2012) AFISMA, International Mission for Mali Assistance, S/RES/2085 of UN Security Council, 20/12/12 January 2013 32. The UN Security Council (S/RES/1551 of 09/07/04) authorised the EUFOR ALTHEA operation as the legal successor to the SFOR, the previous operation headed by NATO. EUFOR ALTHEA has the mandate to implement the Dayton Agreement. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid. 35. This mission emerged from the previous work of the EU Coordination Office to assist the Palestinian Police (EU COPPS), established in April 2005. 220 Alert 2013
AU (two missions) Central Africa (LRA) (1986-) RCI/LRA, Regional Cooperation Initiative against the LRA, Peace and Security Council Decision, 22/11/11 March 2012 Somalia (1988-) AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), S/RES/1744 March 2007 Operations by Russia and the Community of Independent States (CIS) (one mission) Moldova (Transdniestria) (1992) Joint Control Commission Peacekeeping Force (Bilateral, 21/07/92) July 1992 ARAB LEAGUE (ONE MISSION) Syria (2011-) Arab League Observer Mission in Syria, Arab League Council Resolution 7439, 16/11/12 November 2011 January 2012 ECCAS (one mission) Central African Republic (1996-2000) (2002-2003) (2006-) MICOPAX 36, Mission for the Consolidation of Peace in Central African Republic July 2008 Other operations (six missions) Côte d Ivoire (2002-) Operation Licorne (France) S/RES/1464 February 2003 Egypt (Sinai) Israel Multinational Force and Observers (Protocol to the Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel 26/03/1979) April 1982 Israel Palestine (1948-) TIPH 2 (Temporary International Presence in Hebron) February 1997 Korea, DPR Korea, Rep. of (1950-53) NSC (Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission) Armistice Agreement July 1953 Solomon Islands RAMSI, Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (Biketawa Declaration) S/RES/1690 July 2003 Timor-Leste (1975-1999) ISF (PKO) (Australia) S/RES/1690 May 2006 Sources: Prepared by the authors and updated in December 2012, and SIPRI. SIPRI Yearbook 2012. Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 36. MICOPAX replaced the Multinational Force (FOMUC) of CEMAC regional organisation. Annex I. International missions in 2012 221