(All references are to section number) CRIMINAL CONVICTIONS COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES education 14.4 emerging trends 14.7 employment 14.3 housing 14.5 immigration inadmissibility 14.2 deemed rehabilitation 14.2(b) eligibility for rehabilitation 14.2(b) eligibility for record suspensions 14.2(d) record suspensions 14.2(c) rehabilitation 14.2(a) temporary resident permit 14.2(e) insurance 14.7 section 36, see immigration inadmissibility travelling 14.6 CRIMINAL INADMISSIBILITY CITIZENS AND PERMANENT RESIDENTS admissibility hearings 3.8 decision making process 3.8(a) loss of permanent resident status 3.8(c) possible outcomes 3.8(b) case law 3.9 criminality and citizenship 3.10 convictions 3.10(b) ongoing probation 3.10(c) pending criminal charges 3.10(a) equivalency assessments 3.14 fraud and citizenship applications 3.12 misrepresentation of criminality 3.12(a) misrepresentation re residency requirements 3.12(b) procedural fairness issues citizenship 3.11 section 44(1) reports 3.15 I-1 (Cdn. Cit. & Imm.) (2014)
allegations of inadmissibility under s. 34 3.15(d) allegations of inadmissibility under s. 36 3.15(e) procedural fairness 3.15(a) section 44(1) 3.15(b) section 44(2) 3.15(c) serious criminality and permanent residents 3.13 criminality and permanent residents 3.5 criminality 3.5(b) limit on citizens/permanent residents to sponsor 3.5(c) serious criminality 3.5(a) emerging trends citizenship 3.3 loss of status and removal 3.7 inadmissibility reports 3.7(a) port of entry considerations 3.6 arrest and detention at port of entry 3.6(f) examinations 3.6(b) obligation upon entry 3.6(c) primary examinations 3.6(d) secondary examinations 3.6(e) valid proof of permanent residency 3.6(a) practical tips 3.9 statutory framework citizenship 3.2 Citizenship Act and IRPA: distinctions 3.2(b) effects of criminality on applicants 3.2(a) waiver by Minister 3.2(c) statutory framework permanent residents 3.4 what is criminal inadmissibility 3.4(b) who qualifies as permanent resident 3.4(a) CRIMINAL ADMISSIBILITY PROTECTED PERSONS, STUDENTS, WORKERS, VISITORS case law protected persons 4.10 temporary residents 4.11 students 4.11(c) visitors 4.11(a) workers 4.11(b) I-2
emerging trends 4.8 ineligibility for refugee protection 4.4 relevant provisions 4.4(a) legislative objectives and framework 4.2 Balanced Refugee Reform Act important changes pursuant to 4.2(c) summary of amendments 4.2(d) intake of refugee/protected persons claims 4.2(a) refugees and protected persons 4.2(d) options for criminally inadmissible temporary residents 4.7 record suspensions 4.7(b) rehabilitation 4.7(a) temporary resident permits 4.7(c) practical tips 4.9 making a claim for refugee protection 4.3 designated countries of origin 4.3(b) designated irregular arrival and designated foreign nationals ( DFNs ) 4.3(c) in or outside of Canada 4.3(a) statutory framework 4.6 different referral regime and appellate scheme 4.6(g) evidentiary threshold 4.6(c) officer s discretion regarding minor violations 4.6(f) participatory rights 4.6(d) pending criminal charges 4.6(e) qualified right of temporary residence 4.6(b) refusal/loss of temporary resident status for inadmissibility 4.6(a) temporary residents 4.5 evidentiary threshold 4.6(c) immigration objectives 4.5(b) live-in caregivers 4.5(f) participatory rights 4.6(d) refusal/loss of status for inadmissibility 4.6(a) statutory framework 4.5(a) students 4.5(e) visitors 4.5(b) I-3 (Cdn. Cit. & Imm.) (2014)
workers 4.5(c) FINANCIAL INADMISSIBILITY addressing financial inadmissibility, addressing potential findings 13.4(a) alternatives to overcome financial inadmissibility 13.5(b) case law, sponsorship and the minimum necessary income threshold 13.6 emerging trends 13.5 financial inadmissibility findings, practices and procedures, application pursuant to humanitarian and compassionate considerations 13.3(b) disability support 13.3(c) low income cut-off and minimum necessary income data 13.3(d) obtaining evidence 13.3(a) social assistance 13.3(c) section 39 13.2 HUMANITARIAN AND COMPASSIONATE APPLICATIONS applications 9.3 applicants role 9.3(a) factors to be considered in first stage assessment 9.3(c) process 9.3(b) case law 9.9 accompanying temporary resident permit 9.9(d) clean hands test 9.9(e) section 34 (security grounds) inadmissibility 9.9(b) section 36 (serious criminality) inadmissibility 9.9(c) section 42 (inadmissible dependent) 9.9(d) unreasonable assessment of hardship 9.9(a) best interests of child 9.9(a)(i) section 25(1.3) and personalized risk 9.9(a)(ii) inadmissibility of applicants 9.4 exemptions under 36(2), 39, 40-42 of IRPA 9.4(a) other exemptions 9.4(b) request for temporary resident permit 9.4(c) I-4
sample inland submission 9.5 statutory framework 9.2 IMMIGRATION OFFENCES, DETENTION AND RELEASE case law 5.7, 5.8 contravention of IRPA 5.8 Appendix A detention and release 5.8, Appendix B detention of foreign nationals factors determining if detention is warranted 5.3(c) danger to public 5.3(c) flight risk 5.3(c) identity 5.3(c) irregular arrival 5.3(b) minors 5.3(d) powers to arrest and detain 5.2(a) detention reviews 5.4 alternatives to detention 5.4(b) bondsperson/guarantor 5.4(b) conditions of release from detention 5.4(b) factors to consider 5.3(c), 5.4(a) human rights violations 5.4(c) International rights violations 5.4(c) security risk 5.4(c) emerging trends 5.5 IRPA contraventions 5.2 document offences 5.2(c) false passports 5.2(c) general offences 5.2(d) human smuggling 5.2(b) human trafficking 5.2(b) misrepresentation 5.2(d) unauthorized representatives 5.2(a) security certificates 5.5 submissions to support release of detainee 5.6 INADMISSIBILITY HISTORY AND EVOLUTION case law, leading 9.7 section 34, under 1.8 I-5 (Cdn. Cit. & Imm.) (2014)
34(1)(b) 1.8(a) 34(1)(f) 1.8(b) application for relief under 34(2) 1.8(c) definition of terrorism 1.8(b) section 35, under 1.9 application for relief under 35(2) 1.9(c) findings under 35(1)(a) 1.9(a) findings under 35(1)(b) 1.9(b) procedural fairness 1.9(d) section 36, under 1.10 36(2) criminality 1.10(c) application of 1.0(d) findings under 36(1)(a) 1.10(a) findings under 36(1)(b) 1.10(b) section 37, under 1.11 findings under 37(1)(a) 1.11(a) findings under 37(1)(b) 1.11(b) emerging trends 1.7 recent amendments to IRPA 1.7(a) framework of Canadian immigration law 1.2 Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) 1.2(c) history of legislation 1.2(a) objectives of IRPA 1.2(b) standard of proof 1.3 section 34 and 35, under 1.4 CBSA modern war crimes program 1.4(d) considerations for counsel 1.4(e) history of reforms concerning security 1.4(a) human or international rights violations 1.4(c) security 1.4(b) section 36, under 1.5 committing an act provisions 1.5(d) criminality 1.5(e) hard line approach 1.5(a) regulations 1.5(e) serious criminality 1.5(b) section 37, under 1.6 I-6
organized crime, history and inception into IRPA 1.6(a) organized criminality 1.6(b) JUDICIAL REVIEW AND STAYS OF REMOVAL applications for judicial review 7.3 hearing 7.3(b) leave 7.3(a) pleadings 7.3(b) case law 7.8, 7.9 inadmissibility 7.9 Appendix B human right or international rights violations 7.9 Appendix B(a) misrepresentation 7.9 Appendix B(d) organized criminality 7.9 Appendix B(c) serious criminality 7.9 Appendix B(b) stays of removal case law 7.8 Appendix A certified questions 7.4 appeals to Federal Court of Appeal 7.4(a) emerging trends 7.7 legislative amendments 7.7 Federal Court Act 7.7 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 7.7 Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations 7.7 practical tips 7.6 deferral requests 7.6(a) preparing memorandum of fact and law 7.6(b) stays of removal 7.6(a) removal orders 7.5 judicial review against IAD removal order 7.5(a) motions for stay of removals/deferrals 7.5(b) succeeding on stay motion 7.5(c) statutory framework 7.2 MEDICAL ADMISSIBILITY case law, medical inadmissibility and economic classes 11.12(a) medical inadmissibility and family class 11.12(b) medical inadmissibility and H&C considerations 11.12(c) I-7 (Cdn. Cit. & Imm.) (2014)
medical inadmissibility and temporary resident permit considerations 11.12(c) decision-making process, assessing procedural fairness latter for excessive demand 11.7(c) danger to public health or safety 11.7(a) excessive demand on Health and Social Services 11.7(b) historical exclusion 11.9 individualized assessments 11.9 medical examinations 11.3 medical report 11.4 medically inadmissible applicants 11.1 practical tips 11.10 procedural fairness 11.5 procedural fairness letter 11.5 responding to procedural fairness letter 11.6 danger to public health and safety 11.6(a) excessive demand on Health and Social Services 11.6(b) refusal and legal remedies 11.8 section 38 11.2 MISREPRESENTATION admissibility hearing at Immigration Division 12.5 disclosure 12.5(b) hearing procedures 12.5(c) outcomes 12.5(d) preparing for hearing 12.5(a) witnesses 12.5(b) appeals, see Immigration Appeal Division case law, indirect misrepresentation 12.8(a) material misrepresentation 12.8(b) misrepresentation and procedural fairness 12.8(c) consequences and legal remedies 12.7 application bars 12.7(a) Federal Court 12.7(c) Misrepresentations in the Labour Market Impact Assessment 12.7(e) I-8
penal charges 12.7(d) removal orders 12.7(b) discovering misrepresentation 12.3 Immigration Appeal Division 12.6 disclosure 12.6(b) hearing procedures 12.6(c) outcomes 12.6(d) preparing for hearing 12.6(a) witnesses 12.6(b) investigating misrepresentation 12.3 procedural fairness 12.4 procedural fairness letter 12.4(a) reports 12.4(b) section 40(1) 12.2 assessment of misrepresentation 12.2(e) subsection 40(1)(a), 12.2(a) subsection 40(1)(b), 12.2(b) subsection 40(1)(c), 12.2(c) subsection 40(1)(d), 12.2(d) PARDONS See RECORD SUSPENSIONS, PARDONS RECORD SUSPENSIONS, PARDONS assessing criminal inadmissibility 8.3 case law 8.10 effect of 8.10(a) equivalency 8.10(b) overcoming criminal inadmissibility 8.5 discretion in new regime 8.5(d) effect of changes to Criminal Records Act 8.5(d) eligibility 8.5(a) immigration consequences 8.5(c), 8.5(h) marginalized groups 8.5(k) overburdening the judicial system 8.5(i) possible constitutional challenges 8.5(h) principles of pardons 8.5(e) reason for legislative amendment 8.5(f) sentencing, roles and principles of 8.5(j) I-9 (Cdn. Cit. & Imm.) (2014)
stigmatization 8.5(g) practical tips 8.6 application process for record suspension 8.6(b) building the case 8.6(a) sample submission 8.7(c) statutory framework 8.2 REHABILITATION assessing criminal inadmissibility 8.3 case law deemed rehabilitation 8.9 rehabilitation 8.8 applications and deportation 8.8(b) general principles 8.8(a) procedural fairness 8.8(c) overcoming criminal inadmissibility 8.4 acceptance or rejection of application 8.4(e) applicants ineligible 8.4(f) application process for 8.4(c) eligibility 8.4(b) factors supporting 8.4(d) rehabilitation, defined 8.4(a) practical tips 8.6 building the case 8.6(a) sample submissions 8.7 deemed rehabilitation 8.7(b) rehabilitation spousal sponsorship, overseas conviction 8.7(a) statutory framework 8.2 REMOVAL ORDER APPEALS AND EQUIVALENCY appeals 6.3 dispositions 6.3(e) allow appeal 6.3(e)(i) dismiss appeal 6.3(e)(iii) stay removal order 6.3(e)(ii) hearing 6.3(c) rules of evidence 6.3(d) witnesses 6.3(b) I-10
practical tips 6.6 procedure documentation 6.3(b) filing of appeal 6.3(b) who can appeal 6.3(a) who can not appeal 6.3(a) witnesses 6.3(b) rights of appeal serious criminality 6.3(f) case law equivalency analysis 6.9 Appendix C removal order appeals 6.7 Appendix A sentencing and rights of appeal 6.8 Appendix B emerging trends 6.5 equivalency 6.5 equivalency analysis 6.5(a) Immigration Appeal Division (IAD) 6.2 equitable jurisdiction, see also Ribic factors 6.3(g) mandate of 6.5(a) powers of 6.2 practical tips 6.6 Ribic factors, see also equitable jurisdiction degree of establishment in Canada 6.3(g)(iii) family and community support 6.3(g)(v) family in Canada 6.3(g)(iv) hardship of return to country of nationality 6.3(g)(vi) length of time spent in Canada 6.3(g)(iii) possibility of rehabilitation 6.3(g)(ii) seriousness of offence leading to removal order 6.3(g)(i) REMOVAL ORDERS case law appeals 2.10 appellant appeal of refusal 2.10(c) consideration of appeal under s. 64(1) 2.10(a) ministerial appeal 2.10(b) decisions to defer by officer 2.12 I-11 (Cdn. Cit. & Imm.) (2014)
procedural fairness and errors 2.12(b) tri-partite test 2.12(a) orders issued by Immigration Appeal Division and Immigration Division 2.8 pending application for leave and judicial review at Federal Court 2.11 pending criminal charges 2.9 procedural fairness in execution of 2.7 removal in presence of impediments 2.7(a) enforcement 2.4 assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR) pilot program 2.4(j) cost reimbursement 2.4(i) deferring 2.4(e) in force removal orders persons not in need of protection 2.4(g) limitation period 2.4(b) removal by Minister 2.4(d) removal orders outside Canada 2.4(h) removals interview risk of detention 2.4(f) voluntary compliance 2.4(c) who is subject to 2.4(a) lasting trends 2.5 practical tips for clients and counsel 2.6 stay of 2.3 motions at Federal Court 2.3(e) regulatory stays 2.3(c) detention or imprisonment 2.3(c)(vi) exception 2.3(c)(iii) humanitarian and compassionate grounds 2.3(c)(v) pending leave applications at Federal Court 2.3(c)(ii) pending pre-removal risk assessment 2.3(c)(iv) temporary suspension for generalized risk 2.3(c)(i) section 50 2.3(a) when does it apply 2.3(a)(i) section 50(b) 2.3(b) when does a stay not apply 2.3(d) I-12
probation orders 2.3(d)(i) types 2.2 departure orders 2.2(a) deportation orders 2.2(c) exclusion orders 2.2(b) foreign nationals not subject to a report 2.2(e) temporary vs. permanent residents 2.2(d) chart foreign nationals CBSA 2.2(d)(i) issued by Immigration and Refugee Board 2.2(d)(ii) STRATEGIES FOR CRIMINAL LAWYERS REPRESENTING PERMANENT RESIDENTS AND FOREIGN NATIONALS citizenship 10.8 effect of criminality 10.8 convention refugees 10.7 hybrid offences 10.3(d) acquittals 10.3(d)(iii) appeals 10.3(d)(xii) constitutional considerations 10.3(d)(xiv) Contraventions Act 10.3(d)(ix) effect of acquittal 10.3(d)(ii) effect of discharge 10.3(d)(x) effect of record suspension 10.3(d)(ii) imprisonment 10.3(d)(xi) peace bonds 10.3(d)(vii) plea bargains 10.3(d)(iv) record suspensions 10.3(d)(v) reducing term of imprisonment 10.3(d)(xiii) rehabilitation 10.3(d)(viii) swearing a new information 10.3(d)(i) withdrawal of charges 10.3(d)(vi) Youth Criminal Justice Act 10.3(d)(ix) Young Offenders Act 10.3(d)(ix) human rights violations 10.6 inadmissibility statutory framework 10.2 organized criminality 10.4 persons in need of protection 10.7 I-13 (Cdn. Cit. & Imm.) (2014)
post conviction issues 10.10 security 10.5 serious criminality and criminality 10.3 foreign nationals 10.3(b) criminality 10.3(c) permanent residents 10.3(b) sponsorship by Canadian citizens 10.9 TEMPORARY RESIDENT PERMITS admissibility requirements 9.7 extensions 9.7(g) fees 9.7(a) interviews 9.7(b) needs assessment 9.7(c) obtaining permanent residence as member of permit holder class 9.7(h) risk assessment for criminal admissibility 9.7(e) medical inadmissibility 9.7(d) other inadmissibility 9.7(f) case law 9.10 emerging trends 9.8 balanced Refugee Reform Act 9.8(a) Bill C-31, further restrictions 9.8(b) request with humanitarian and compassionate application 9.4(c) statutory framework 9.6 I-14